LSAT (Law School Admission Test)Reading ComprehensionHard
Passage: "The 'observer effect' in quantum mechanics posits that the act of observing a phenomenon inevitably changes the phenomenon itself. For instance, attempting to measure the position of an electron with a photon will alter its momentum, and vice versa. This is not due to clumsy instrumentation or human interference in the classical sense, but is a fundamental aspect of quantum reality, where particles exist as probability waves until 'collapsed' by interaction. The implications extend beyond physics, prompting philosophical debates about the nature of reality and consciousness. However, it is crucial to distinguish this quantum observer effect from the more mundane 'Hawthorne effect' in social sciences, where subjects change their behavior merely because they know they are being watched, without any fundamental alteration of the observed phenomenon itself." The author's primary purpose in mentioning the 'Hawthorne effect' is to:
- AArgue that social science experiments are inherently flawed by observation.
- BSuggest that the observer effect is not unique to quantum mechanics.
- CEmphasize a crucial distinction between two different phenomena.
- DProvide an analogy to help understand the quantum observer effect.
Show answer & explanationAnswer & explanation
Correct answer: C. Emphasize a crucial distinction between two different phenomena.
The passage explicitly states, 'However, it is crucial to distinguish this quantum observer effect from the more mundane 'Hawthorne effect'.' This clear statement indicates the author's purpose is to highlight a distinction between the two concepts, preventing confusion.
Why the other options are wrong
- A. The passage does not critique social science experiments; it merely uses the Hawthorne effect as a point of contrast.
- B. The author distinguishes them, not suggests they are similar or not unique.
- D. The author contrasts them, specifically to prevent understanding one in terms of the other.
Role of Counter-example
The function of introducing an example that contrasts with or clarifies the main topic, often to prevent misunderstanding.
- Counter-examples highlight differences or limitations.
- They clarify boundaries of a concept.
- They often appear with phrases like 'however,' 'in contrast,' 'not to be confused with'.
Memory trick: Not That, But This: Clarify the Line.