Passage: "The 'tragedy of the commons' describes a situation in which individuals, acting independently and rationally according to their own self-interest, behave contrary to the best interests of the whole group by depleting some common resource. This concept, popularized by Garrett Hardin, often applies to environmental issues like overfishing or deforestation, where individual gain leads to collective loss. However, recent scholarship suggests that the 'tragedy' is not inevitable. Communities with strong social norms, local governance, and effective communication channels have often successfully managed common-pool resources for centuries without depletion. These alternative models emphasize cooperation, trust, and locally tailored rules, challenging the universality of Hardin's original thesis and highlighting the importance of institutional design in preventing resource degradation." The author mentions 'overfishing or deforestation' primarily to:

1. AIllustrate specific instances where the 'tragedy of the commons' has demonstrably occurred.
2. BProvide examples of common-pool resources that require international rather than local governance.
3. CCriticize the management practices of industries involved in fishing and logging.
4. DArgue that environmental resources are particularly susceptible to depletion under common ownership.