ACT (Enhanced)ReadingHard
A historian argues that 'the decline of the Roman Empire was not a catastrophic collapse but a gradual transformation, a slow metamorphosis influenced more by internal socio-economic shifts than by external barbarian invasions.' Which of the following statements, if true, would most weaken the historian's argument?
- ANewly discovered texts reveal that barbarian invasions were far more coordinated and destructive than previously thought.
- BDemographic analysis suggests a steady decline in birth rates throughout the Empire's later centuries.
- CArchaeological evidence shows a significant increase in trade routes during the late Roman period.
- DStudies indicate that Roman infrastructure projects continued to be funded well into the 5th century CE.
Show answer & explanationAnswer & explanation
Correct answer: A. Newly discovered texts reveal that barbarian invasions were far more coordinated and destructive than previously thought.
The historian argues against 'catastrophic collapse' and emphasizes 'internal socio-economic shifts' over 'external barbarian invasions.' If barbarian invasions were 'far more coordinated and destructive than previously thought,' this would elevate the significance of external factors and challenge the idea of a 'gradual transformation' driven primarily by internal shifts, thus weakening the historian's core argument.
Why the other options are wrong
- B. Declining birth rates are an 'internal socio-economic shift,' which would support the historian's argument, not weaken it.
- C. Increased trade could be consistent with gradual transformation or even a sign of adaptation, not necessarily collapse, so it doesn't weaken the argument.
- D. Continued infrastructure funding supports the idea of gradual transformation rather than catastrophic collapse, thus strengthening, not weakening, the argument.
Weakening an Argument
Introducing new information that undermines the validity or strength of an author's claim or conclusion.
- Directly challenges a premise or conclusion.
- Often introduces a counter-example or alternative cause.
- Must make the original argument less plausible.
Memory trick: Weakening's way: find the flaw, make it fray.