Reading and Writing Section
Evaluates text comprehension, rhetoric, and English conventions.
Getting Started: Digital SAT Overview
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Digital SAT — key terms, tricks & tips
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Math Section
Assesses algebra, advanced math, data analysis, and geometry.
Getting Started: Digital SAT Overview
Module
A distinct, timed segment within each main exam section.
Getting Started: Digital SAT Overview
Digital Administration
The exam is taken entirely on a computer or tablet device.
Getting Started: Digital SAT Overview
On-screen Calculator
A built-in graphing calculator available for the entire Math section.
Getting Started: Digital SAT Overview
Student-Produced Response
Math questions requiring you to grid in your own numerical answer.
Getting Started: Digital SAT Overview
Adaptive Testing
The second module's difficulty adjusts based on first module performance.
Getting Started: Digital SAT Overview
Digital SAT Format and Structure Explained
Remember 'R-W-M-B' for Reading and Writing, Math, and Break. It's the order you'll face on test day!
Getting Started: Digital SAT Overview
Digital SAT Format and Structure Explained
The Digital SAT's two main sections are Reading and Writing (64 minutes, 54 questions) and Math (70 minutes, 44 questions). There is a 10-minute break between sections.
Getting Started: Digital SAT Overview
Digital SAT Format and Structure Explained
Not understanding the time limits for each module, leading to rushing or not finishing.
Getting Started: Digital SAT Overview
Digital SAT Format and Structure Explained
Neglecting to use the calculator in the Math section when it could save time and prevent errors.
Getting Started: Digital SAT Overview
Digital SAT Format and Structure Explained
Treating the Reading and Writing section as two separate tests instead of an integrated assessment.
Getting Started: Digital SAT Overview
Total Score
Combined score from Reading/Writing and Math (400-1600).
Getting Started: Digital SAT Overview
Section Score
Score for Reading/Writing or Math (200-800).
Getting Started: Digital SAT Overview
Equating
Statistical process ensuring score consistency across test forms.
Getting Started: Digital SAT Overview
Percentile Rank
Indicates percentage of test-takers scored below you.
Getting Started: Digital SAT Overview
No Penalty for Guessing
Incorrect answers do not deduct points.
Getting Started: Digital SAT Overview
Scoring and Adaptive Testing on the Digital SAT
ADAPT to the SAT: Always Do All Problems Thoroughly. This reminds you to answer every question, especially in the first module, because it adapts!
Getting Started: Digital SAT Overview
Scoring and Adaptive Testing on the Digital SAT
The Digital SAT assesses skills in Reading, Writing, and Math. The adaptive nature means your performance in the first module of each section directly impacts the difficulty, and thus the potential score range, of the second module. Memorize the score ranges: 400-1600 total, 200-800 per section.
Getting Started: Digital SAT Overview
Scoring and Adaptive Testing on the Digital SAT
Spending too much time on one difficult question in Module 1, negatively impacting time for subsequent questions and potentially lowering the difficulty of Module 2.
Getting Started: Digital SAT Overview
Scoring and Adaptive Testing on the Digital SAT
Assuming an easier Module 2 means you can't get a good score; your score still reflects your ability based on the questions you answered.
Getting Started: Digital SAT Overview
Scoring and Adaptive Testing on the Digital SAT
Leaving questions blank because you're unsure, missing out on potential points since there's no penalty for guessing.
Getting Started: Digital SAT Overview
Context Clues
Hints within text that help define an unfamiliar word.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Synonym Clue
A word or phrase with similar meaning provided in the text.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Antonym Clue
A word or phrase with opposite meaning provided in the text.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Definition Clue
The direct meaning of a word stated in the text.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Example Clue
An illustration or instance that clarifies a word's meaning.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Inference Clue
Meaning derived through reasoning and surrounding text.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Substitute
Replacing an unfamiliar word with a guessed meaning.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Vocabulary in Context: Decoding Unfamiliar Words
C-L-U-E-S: Contrast, Logic, Unknown, Examples, Synonyms. Use these to find the meaning!
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Vocabulary in Context: Decoding Unfamiliar Words
The Digital SAT often asks for the meaning of a word 'as it is used in the passage.' This means you must select the definition that fits the specific context, even if the word has other common meanings. Keywords like 'as used in line X' are a clear signal.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Vocabulary in Context: Decoding Unfamiliar Words
Choosing a common definition of the word that doesn't fit the passage's specific context.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Vocabulary in Context: Decoding Unfamiliar Words
Not reading enough of the surrounding text, leading to an incomplete understanding of the context.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Vocabulary in Context: Decoding Unfamiliar Words
Guessing without trying to substitute the inferred meaning back into the sentence to check for fit.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Text Structure
The way information is organized in a written text.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Author's Purpose
The main reason an author writes a particular text.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Cause and Effect
Structure showing why something happened and its results.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Compare and Contrast
Structure highlighting similarities and differences.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Problem and Solution
Structure presenting an issue and its proposed remedies.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Sequence
Structure organizing events or steps in order.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Persuade
To convince the reader to agree with a viewpoint.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Inform
To provide facts, data, or explanations to the reader.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Analyzing Text Structure and Author's Purpose
P.I.E. for Author's Purpose: P-Persuade, I-Inform, E-Entertain. Remember these three main reasons!
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Analyzing Text Structure and Author's Purpose
The Digital SAT often asks questions like 'The main purpose of the third paragraph is to...' or 'The author structures the passage by...' Pay attention to transition words (e.g., 'however,' 'therefore,' 'similarly') and the overall progression of ideas.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Analyzing Text Structure and Author's Purpose
Confusing the topic of a passage with the author's purpose (e.g., 'The topic is climate change' vs. 'The purpose is to persuade readers to act on climate change').
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Analyzing Text Structure and Author's Purpose
Assuming a single text structure for an entire passage; authors often blend structures.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Analyzing Text Structure and Author's Purpose
Overlooking signal words and phrases that explicitly indicate a text's structure or the author's intent.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Cross-text connections
Understanding relationships between two separate passages.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Comparison
Identifying similarities between two or more texts.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Contrast
Highlighting differences between two or more texts.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Synthesis
Combining information from multiple sources to form a new understanding.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Perspective
An author's viewpoint or attitude toward a topic.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Supporting evidence
Information in one text that backs up claims in another.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Refuting evidence
Information in one text that contradicts claims in another.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Making Cross-Text Connections and Comparisons
Think 'C&C': Compare and Contrast! Always look for both the Similarities and the Differences when you have two texts.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Making Cross-Text Connections and Comparisons
The Digital SAT often includes questions asking you to 'synthesize information from two texts.' Look for keywords like 'both texts,' 'Text 1 would respond to Text 2,' or 'relationship between the passages.'
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Making Cross-Text Connections and Comparisons
Focusing only on one text instead of considering both.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Making Cross-Text Connections and Comparisons
Misinterpreting the main idea or argument of one or both texts.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Making Cross-Text Connections and Comparisons
Choosing an answer that describes a relationship that isn't explicitly supported by the texts.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Main Idea
The central point or message of a text.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Supporting Details
Facts, examples, and reasons that prove or explain the main idea.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Topic Sentence
A sentence that states the main idea of a paragraph.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Explicit Main Idea
The main idea stated directly in the text.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Implied Main Idea
The main idea that must be inferred from the text's details.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Evidence
Information used to support a claim or main idea.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Main Idea and Supporting Details
M.I.S.D. - Main Idea: Sum it up; Details: Dig it up!
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Main Idea and Supporting Details
On the Digital SAT, main idea questions often use phrases like 'The central idea of the passage is...', 'The author's primary purpose is to...', or 'Which choice best states the main idea of the text?' Always look for the answer that is broad enough to cover the entire text, but specific enough to reflect its actual content.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Main Idea and Supporting Details
Confusing a supporting detail for the main idea (too narrow).
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Main Idea and Supporting Details
Choosing an answer that is too broad and doesn't reflect the specific content of the passage.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Main Idea and Supporting Details
Selecting an answer that introduces new information not present in the text.
Crafting Meaning: Structure and Purpose
Central Idea
The main point or overarching message of a text.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Key Details
Specific facts, examples, or reasons supporting the central idea.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Inference
A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Finding Central Ideas and Key Details
Remember the 'Roof and Walls' analogy: The Central Idea is the ROOF – it covers everything. The Key Details are the WALLS – they hold the roof up and provide structure.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Finding Central Ideas and Key Details
The Digital SAT often asks you to 'identify the main purpose of the passage' or 'which statement best expresses the central idea.' Look for answers that encompass the entire text, not just a single paragraph or detail. For key details, questions often use phrases like 'according to the passage' or 'the author mentions X primarily to...'
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Finding Central Ideas and Key Details
Confusing a minor detail with the central idea.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Finding Central Ideas and Key Details
Choosing a central idea that is too narrow or too broad.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Finding Central Ideas and Key Details
Selecting a key detail that does not directly support the main point.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Textual Evidence
Specific details from a text used to support a claim.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Direct Support
Evidence that explicitly states or clearly implies the claim.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Indirect Support
Related information that does not directly prove the claim.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Claim
A statement or assertion that needs to be supported by evidence.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Context
The surrounding text that helps clarify the meaning of evidence.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Substantiate
To provide evidence to support or prove the truth of something.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Relevance
How closely connected and appropriate the evidence is to the claim.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Command of Evidence: Textual Support
EVIDENCE: Every Valid Idea Demands Explicit Naming, Clearly Explaining. Remember to find text that *explicitly* names or explains the idea.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Command of Evidence: Textual Support
The exam objective for Command of Evidence: Textual Support is to 'Identify the textual evidence that best supports a given claim or conclusion.' Look for questions that explicitly ask 'Which choice provides the best evidence for the claim...' or 'Which statement is best supported by the evidence in the passage...'
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Command of Evidence: Textual Support
Choosing evidence that is true but doesn't directly support the specific claim.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Command of Evidence: Textual Support
Selecting evidence that only partially supports the claim, missing key components.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Command of Evidence: Textual Support
Not reading the potential evidence in its full context within the passage.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Quantitative Information
Data that can be measured or counted, such as numbers and statistics.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Sufficiency
Whether there is enough evidence to adequately support a claim.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Synthesize
To combine information from different sources to form a coherent whole.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Graphic
A visual representation of data, such as a chart, graph, or table.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Command of Evidence: Quantitative Information
Q-E-D: Quantitative Evidence Deciphers! Remember to look for the numbers, evaluate their meaning, and decide what they prove.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Command of Evidence: Quantitative Information
For Command of Evidence: Quantitative Information, the exam asks you to analyze and interpret quantitative information presented in texts and informational graphics. You must be able to identify how data supports or refutes claims, and draw conclusions based on numerical evidence.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Command of Evidence: Quantitative Information
Ignoring the units or scale on a graphic, leading to misinterpretation of the data.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Command of Evidence: Quantitative Information
Assuming correlation equals causation when analyzing trends in quantitative data.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Command of Evidence: Quantitative Information
Focusing only on numbers in the text and overlooking crucial data presented in accompanying graphics.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Conclusion
A summary judgment or decision reached from all evidence.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Explicit Information
Information directly stated in the text.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Implied Meaning
What the author suggests without directly stating it.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Assumption
A belief taken for granted without textual support.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Drawing Logical Inferences and Conclusions
ICE: Infer, Conclude, Evidence. Remember to use ICE to chill out those tricky questions!
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Drawing Logical Inferences and Conclusions
The Digital SAT often includes 'inference' questions that ask what can be 'reasonably inferred' or 'most logically concluded' from a text. Look for answers that are supported by the passage but not directly stated.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Drawing Logical Inferences and Conclusions
Making assumptions not supported by the text.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Drawing Logical Inferences and Conclusions
Choosing an answer that is explicitly stated rather than implied.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Drawing Logical Inferences and Conclusions
Selecting an answer that contradicts information in the passage.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Stance
An author's position or attitude towards a topic.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Explicit
Directly stated or clearly expressed in the text.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Implicit
Suggested or hinted at, not directly stated.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Tone
The author's attitude toward the subject and audience.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Word Choice (Diction)
The specific words an author uses to convey meaning.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Bias
Prejudice for or against something, often unfair.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Motivation
The reason an author writes a particular text.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Author's Stance & Perspective
STANCE: S-ubject, T-one, A-rgument, N-uances, C-onclusion, E-vidence. Each helps reveal the author's position!
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Author's Stance & Perspective
On the Digital SAT, questions about author's stance and perspective often ask you to identify the author's 'main claim,' 'primary purpose,' 'attitude,' or 'point of view.' Look for strong verbs and adjectives that convey judgment or opinion.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Author's Stance & Perspective
Confusing factual information presented in a text with the author's personal stance. An author can present facts without endorsing a particular viewpoint.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Author's Stance & Perspective
Assuming an author's stance based on a single sentence or phrase, rather than considering the entire text and overall context.
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Author's Stance & Perspective
Failing to recognize that a neutral or objective presentation of information can also be a deliberate authorial choice, reflecting a particular perspective (e.g., an academic or scientific one).
Information and Ideas: Comprehension & Evidence
Rhetorical Synthesis
Combining info from sources for a specific purpose.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Rhetorical Purpose
The author's reason for writing or combining text.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Cohesion
How well sentences and ideas connect logically.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Conciseness
Using few words to convey much information.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Integration
Smoothly blending different pieces of information.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Transition Words
Words connecting ideas (e.g., 'however,' 'therefore').
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Rhetorical Synthesis: Combining Information
SYNTHESIZE: S-elect, Y-oke, N-ew, T-hought, H-armonize, E-ffective, S-tatement, I-ntegrate, Z-est, E-xplain. Remember to select, yoke together, and integrate to create a new, effective, and harmonious statement that explains!
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Rhetorical Synthesis: Combining Information
The exam often asks you to 'combine sentences to achieve a particular rhetorical effect' or 'select the most effective combination of sentences.' Look for keywords like 'best explains,' 'most effectively supports,' or 'introduces the idea that' to guide your selection and combination.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Rhetorical Synthesis: Combining Information
Simply summarizing each source separately without showing connections or fulfilling the rhetorical purpose.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Rhetorical Synthesis: Combining Information
Introducing new information or your own opinions that are not present in the original texts.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Rhetorical Synthesis: Combining Information
Creating a grammatically awkward or confusing sentence structure when combining information.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Transition
Words/phrases connecting ideas, showing relationships.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Addition
Transition type signaling more information (e.g., 'furthermore').
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Illustration
Transition type providing examples (e.g., 'for instance').
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Logical Flow
The natural progression of ideas in a text.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Effective Transitions for Cohesion
Think of transitions as TRAFFIC LIGHTS for your ideas: they tell your reader when to PAUSE, when to GO, and in what DIRECTION to turn next!
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Effective Transitions for Cohesion
The Digital SAT often includes 'Command of Evidence' questions where you must choose the best transition to logically connect a claim to supporting evidence, or to connect two related ideas within a passage. Look for keywords like 'Which choice best links the two sentences?' or 'Which word or phrase most logically completes the text?'
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Effective Transitions for Cohesion
Using a transition word that doesn't match the logical relationship between ideas (e.g., using 'therefore' for a contrast).
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Effective Transitions for Cohesion
Overusing transitions, which can make writing sound clunky or repetitive.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Effective Transitions for Cohesion
Ignoring punctuation rules for transitions, especially commas after introductory transitions.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Precision
Using words that convey exact, specific meaning.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Effectiveness
Word choice that achieves the intended impact or goal.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Connotation
The emotional associations or implied meanings of a word.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Denotation
The literal, dictionary definition of a word.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Ambiguity
Uncertainty or inexactness of meaning in language.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Nuance
A subtle difference in meaning, expression, or sound.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Rhetorical Effect
The impact of language on the audience or message.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Using Precise and Effective Language
P.E.A.C.E. - Precision, Effectiveness, Accuracy, Context, Effect. Remember these when choosing words!
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Using Precise and Effective Language
The Digital SAT often includes questions that ask you to select the word or phrase that 'best completes the text' or 'most effectively conveys the writer's purpose.' These questions directly test your ability to choose precise and effective language.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Using Precise and Effective Language
Choosing a word that is too general or vague when a more specific option is available.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Using Precise and Effective Language
Selecting a word based only on its denotation, ignoring its connotation or tone.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Using Precise and Effective Language
Overlooking the context of the sentence or passage, leading to an awkward or incorrect word choice.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Clarity
Writing that is easy to understand and unambiguous.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Wordiness
Using more words than needed to convey meaning.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Redundancy
Repeating information or using words with the same meaning.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Passive Voice
Subject receives the action; often less direct.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Active Voice
Subject performs the action; generally more direct.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Nominalization
Turning a verb or adjective into a noun.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Qualifiers
Words that limit or enhance meaning; can be wordy.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Revising for Clarity and Conciseness
Think 'CUT' – Clear, Uncluttered, Trimmed. When you revise, you're cutting away extra words!
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Revising for Clarity and Conciseness
The Digital SAT often tests your ability to make writing 'more concise and precise.' Look for options that remove unnecessary words without changing the original meaning or introducing new errors.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Revising for Clarity and Conciseness
Removing essential information in an attempt to be concise.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Revising for Clarity and Conciseness
Choosing a shorter option that subtly changes the original meaning.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Revising for Clarity and Conciseness
Introducing grammatical errors or awkward phrasing while trying to simplify.
Expressing Ideas: Rhetoric and Style
Clause
Group of words with a subject and a verb.
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Independent Clause
Clause that can stand alone as a complete sentence.
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Dependent Clause
Clause that cannot stand alone; relies on an independent clause.
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Phrase
Group of words without a subject-verb pair; functions as one part of speech.
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Subject
The noun or pronoun performing the action of the verb.
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Verb
A word showing action or state of being.
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Subordinating Conjunction
Word connecting a dependent clause to an independent clause.
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Prepositional Phrase
Phrase starting with a preposition and its object.
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Sentence Structure: Clauses and Phrases
Clauses have a 'C' for 'Couple' (subject + verb). Phrases are 'P' for 'Partial' (no subject-verb pair).
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Sentence Structure: Clauses and Phrases
The Digital SAT often tests your ability to identify and correct sentence fragments and run-on sentences. These errors frequently stem from misunderstanding the difference between independent and dependent clauses, or from misusing phrases. Look for questions asking to combine sentences or improve sentence clarity.
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Sentence Structure: Clauses and Phrases
Confusing a dependent clause for a complete sentence (sentence fragment).
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Sentence Structure: Clauses and Phrases
Joining two independent clauses with only a comma (comma splice).
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Sentence Structure: Clauses and Phrases
Misplacing a modifying phrase, causing confusion about what it describes.
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Comma Splice
Two independent clauses joined only by a comma.
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Run-on Sentence
Two or more independent clauses joined without punctuation.
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Coordinating Conjunction
Words like 'and, but, or' that connect clauses.
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Conjunctive Adverb
Words like 'however, therefore' that connect clauses.
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Non-essential Information
Phrases that can be removed without changing meaning.
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Appositive
A noun or pronoun renaming another noun or pronoun.
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Punctuation Rules: Commas, Semicolons, Colons
FANBOYS for Commas: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So – use a comma before these when joining two independent clauses!
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Punctuation Rules: Commas, Semicolons, Colons
The Digital SAT often tests your ability to identify and correct comma splices and run-on sentences. Look for options that correctly separate or join independent clauses using periods, semicolons, or commas with coordinating conjunctions.
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Punctuation Rules: Commas, Semicolons, Colons
Using a comma to join two independent clauses (comma splice).
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Punctuation Rules: Commas, Semicolons, Colons
Using a colon after an incomplete thought or directly after a verb/preposition.
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Punctuation Rules: Commas, Semicolons, Colons
Forgetting to use a comma before a coordinating conjunction when joining two independent clauses.
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Subject-Verb Agreement
Verb matches subject's number (singular/plural).
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Verb Tense
Indicates when an action occurs (past, present, future).
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Verb Aspect
Shows nature of action (completed, ongoing, habitual).
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Pronoun Agreement
Pronoun matches antecedent in number, gender, person.
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Pronoun Case
Form of pronoun based on its function (subject, object, possessive).
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Modifier
Word/phrase that describes or limits another word.
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Dangling Modifier
Modifier with no clear word to modify in the sentence.
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Misplaced Modifier
Modifier placed incorrectly, causing confusion or ambiguity.
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
S.V.P. M.M.M. - Subject-Verb, Pronoun, Modifier (Misplaced, Dangling) - a quick check for common errors!
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
The Digital SAT often tests modifier placement and pronoun agreement. Look for keywords like 'which,' 'that,' 'who,' and phrases starting with '-ing' or '-ed' to spot potential modifier issues. For pronoun agreement, identify the antecedent first.
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Ignoring intervening phrases when checking subject-verb agreement.
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Unnecessarily shifting verb tenses within a single sentence or paragraph.
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Using 'I' instead of 'me' (or vice versa) in object positions, especially after prepositions.
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Pronoun
A word that replaces a noun
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Antecedent
The noun a pronoun refers to
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Parallel Structure
Using same grammatical form for similar items
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Faulty Parallelism
Lack of consistent grammatical form
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Indefinite Pronoun
Refers to non-specific person/thing (e.g., everyone)
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Pronoun Agreement and Parallel Structure
Imagine a 'PARALLEL PARK' where all the cars (words) must face the same direction (grammatical form) to fit perfectly! For pronouns, think of a 'PRO-NOUN MATCH' – they must match their partner (antecedent) in every way.
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Pronoun Agreement and Parallel Structure
The Digital SAT often tests pronoun agreement with indefinite pronouns (e.g., 'everyone,' 'each') and collective nouns (e.g., 'team,' 'committee'). Remember that most indefinite pronouns are singular. For parallel structure, look for lists, comparisons, and correlative conjunctions (e.g., 'not only...but also').
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Pronoun Agreement and Parallel Structure
Using 'they/their' with singular indefinite pronouns like 'everyone' or 'each.'
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Pronoun Agreement and Parallel Structure
Mixing verb forms (e.g., infinitive with gerund) in a list.
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Pronoun Agreement and Parallel Structure
Unclear pronoun reference where a pronoun could refer to more than one noun.
Standard English: Grammar and Usage
Linear Equation
An equation where the highest exponent of the variable is 1.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Variable
A symbol, usually a letter, representing an unknown value.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Coefficient
The numerical factor multiplied by a variable.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Constant Term
A term in an equation that does not contain a variable.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Inverse Operations
Operations that undo each other (e.g., addition and subtraction).
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Linear Inequality
An algebraic statement comparing two expressions using <, >, ≤, or ≥.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Solution Set
The set of all values that make an inequality true.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Linear Equations and Inequalities
Flip the sign, when you DIVIDE by a NEGATIVE! It's like turning a car around when you hit reverse!
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Linear Equations and Inequalities
The Digital SAT often presents linear equations and inequalities within real-world contexts. Look for keywords like 'at least', 'at most', 'minimum', or 'maximum' to identify inequalities, and 'total', 'sum', or 'difference' for equations. Pay close attention to units.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Linear Equations and Inequalities
Forgetting to perform an operation on both sides of the equation/inequality.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Linear Equations and Inequalities
Incorrectly reversing the inequality sign when multiplying or dividing by a negative number.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Linear Equations and Inequalities
Errors in combining like terms or distributing properly.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
System of equations
Two or more equations with same variables.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Solution to a system
Values satisfying all equations simultaneously.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Substitution method
Solve one equation for a variable, substitute into other.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Elimination method
Add/subtract equations to cancel a variable.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Intersecting lines
One unique solution for the system.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Parallel lines
No solution; lines have same slope, different y-intercepts.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Identical lines
Infinitely many solutions; same slope and y-intercept.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Systems of Linear Equations and Functions
SOLVE: Substitute, Organize, Look for a variable, Verify, End. Or ELIMINATE: Equalize coefficients, Line up, Isolate, Make sure, Interpret, Test, Eliminate.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Systems of Linear Equations and Functions
The Digital SAT often presents system of equations problems in word problem format. Look for keywords like 'total,' 'sum,' 'difference,' 'ratio,' or 'per' to help define your variables and set up the equations correctly. Pay close attention to what the question asks for as the final answer.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Systems of Linear Equations and Functions
Incorrectly distributing a negative sign when subtracting equations in the elimination method.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Systems of Linear Equations and Functions
Forgetting to find the value of the second variable after solving for the first one.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Systems of Linear Equations and Functions
Misinterpreting parallel lines (same slope, different y-intercept) as having infinitely many solutions.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Absolute Value
The distance of a number from zero on a number line.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Non-negative
A value that is zero or positive.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Compound Inequality
Two or more inequalities joined by 'and' or 'or'.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Isolate
To get a variable or expression by itself on one side.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
No Solution
When an equation or inequality has no value that satisfies it.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
All Real Numbers
The solution set includes every possible real number.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Interval Notation
A way to write subsets of real numbers.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities
Think of 'Less ThAND' and 'GreatOR Than'. If it's |x| < k, it's an 'AND' statement (-k < x < k). If it's |x| > k, it's an 'OR' statement (x < -k OR x > k).
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities
On the Digital SAT, absolute value problems often test your ability to translate real-world distance or tolerance scenarios into equations or inequalities. Look for keywords like 'within,' 'at most,' 'at least,' or 'difference' to identify absolute value applications. Remember that |x - k| represents the distance between x and k.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities
Forgetting to set up two cases for absolute value equations or inequalities.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities
Incorrectly handling the sign when isolating the absolute value expression.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities
Confusing 'less than' and 'greater than' inequality rules (e.g., using 'or' for |x| < k).
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Exponent
Indicates how many times a base is multiplied by itself.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Polynomial
Expression with variables, coefficients, and non-negative integer exponents.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Degree of a Polynomial
The highest exponent of the variable in a polynomial.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Quadratic Equation
A polynomial equation of degree two (ax^2 + bx + c = 0).
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Factoring
Breaking down a polynomial into a product of simpler polynomials.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Zero Product Property
If a product is zero, at least one factor must be zero.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Quadratic Formula
Formula to find solutions for any quadratic equation.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Discriminant
Part of the quadratic formula (b^2 - 4ac) indicating solution type.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Exponents, Polynomials, and Quadratic Equations
For the quadratic formula, remember 'Pop Goes the Weasel': x equals negative b, plus or minus the square root of b squared minus 4ac, all over 2a.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Exponents, Polynomials, and Quadratic Equations
The Digital SAT often presents quadratic equations in non-standard forms. Always rearrange the equation to ax^2 + bx + c = 0 before attempting to factor or use the quadratic formula. Pay close attention to signs when identifying a, b, and c.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Exponents, Polynomials, and Quadratic Equations
Incorrectly applying exponent rules, especially with negative exponents or powers of zero.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Exponents, Polynomials, and Quadratic Equations
Forgetting to set the equation to zero before factoring or using the quadratic formula.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Exponents, Polynomials, and Quadratic Equations
Sign errors when substituting values into the quadratic formula, especially with negative 'b' or 'c' values.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Quadratic Function
A polynomial function of degree two (x^2).
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Parabola
The U-shaped graph of a quadratic function.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Vertex
The turning point of a parabola (max or min).
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Axis of Symmetry
A line dividing a parabola into mirror images.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Exponential Function
Function with a constant base raised to a variable exponent.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Growth Factor
The base 'b' in an exponential function when b > 1.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Decay Factor
The base 'b' in an exponential function when 0 < b < 1.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Initial Value
The 'a' term in an exponential function (y-intercept).
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Quadratic and Exponential Functions
Q-U-A-D for 'U' shape (parabola), E-X-P for eXponentially fast growth!
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Quadratic and Exponential Functions
The Digital SAT often asks you to distinguish between linear, quadratic, and exponential relationships given a table of values. Look for constant first differences (linear), constant second differences (quadratic), or constant ratios (exponential).
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Quadratic and Exponential Functions
Confusing the 'b' in ax^2+bx+c (quadratic) with the 'b' in a*b^x (exponential function's base).
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Quadratic and Exponential Functions
Assuming all increasing functions are exponential; linear and quadratic can also increase.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Quadratic and Exponential Functions
Incorrectly identifying the vertex as an x-intercept, or vice versa, from a graph.
Algebra Fundamentals: Equations & Functions
Equivalent Expressions
Expressions yielding same value for all variable inputs.
Advanced Math: Complex Relationships
Distributive Property
a(b + c) = ab + ac; expands expressions.
Advanced Math: Complex Relationships
Commutative Property
Order of terms/factors doesn't change result.
Advanced Math: Complex Relationships
Associative Property
Regrouping terms/factors doesn't change result.
Advanced Math: Complex Relationships
Like Terms
Terms with same variables raised to same powers.
Advanced Math: Complex Relationships
Rational Expression
A fraction with polynomials in numerator and/or denominator.
Advanced Math: Complex Relationships
Equivalent Expressions: Simplifying & Manipulating
PEMDAS for order of operations, but for simplification, think 'D-C-F-S': Distribute, Combine, Factor, Simplify fractions!
Advanced Math: Complex Relationships
Equivalent Expressions: Simplifying & Manipulating
The Digital SAT often asks you to rewrite expressions in equivalent forms to reveal properties or solve for variables. Look for keywords like 'which of the following is equivalent to' or 'expressed in simplest form.' Remember to factor completely and be mindful of domain restrictions for rational expressions.
Advanced Math: Complex Relationships
Equivalent Expressions: Simplifying & Manipulating
Incorrectly distributing a negative sign into parentheses.
Advanced Math: Complex Relationships
Equivalent Expressions: Simplifying & Manipulating
Only combining some like terms, leaving the expression partially simplified.
Advanced Math: Complex Relationships
Equivalent Expressions: Simplifying & Manipulating
Canceling terms that are not factors in rational expressions (e.g., canceling x from (x+1)/x to get 1).
Advanced Math: Complex Relationships
Equivalent Expressions: Simplifying & Manipulating
Forgetting to consider domain restrictions when simplifying rational expressions.
Advanced Math: Complex Relationships
Nonlinear Equation
Equation not forming a straight line when graphed.
Advanced Math: Complex Relationships
Nonlinear Function
Function whose graph is a curve, not a line.
Advanced Math: Complex Relationships
Extraneous Solution
A solution derived but not satisfying original equation.
Advanced Math: Complex Relationships
Critical Points
Values that make an expression zero or undefined.
Advanced Math: Complex Relationships
Asymptote
Line a graph approaches but never touches.
Advanced Math: Complex Relationships
Nonlinear Equations, Functions, and Inequalities
Nonlinear: 'No Line' — remember, if it's not a straight line, it's nonlinear!
Advanced Math: Complex Relationships
Nonlinear Equations, Functions, and Inequalities
The Digital SAT often presents nonlinear functions in context, asking you to interpret intercepts, maximum/minimum values, or intervals of increase/decrease from a graph or equation. Keywords like 'maximum height,' 'when does it hit the ground,' or 'for what values' signal a need to solve or analyze nonlinear relationships.
Advanced Math: Complex Relationships
Nonlinear Equations, Functions, and Inequalities
Forgetting to check for extraneous solutions, especially in radical or rational equations.
Advanced Math: Complex Relationships
Nonlinear Equations, Functions, and Inequalities
Incorrectly determining the direction of an inequality when multiplying or dividing by a negative number.
Advanced Math: Complex Relationships
Nonlinear Equations, Functions, and Inequalities
Misinterpreting graphical features like intercepts or vertices in context.
Advanced Math: Complex Relationships
Systems of Nonlinear Equations
SOLVE: **S**ubstitute **O**r **L**ook for **V**ariables to **E**liminate. Then check your work!
Advanced Math: Complex Relationships
Systems of Nonlinear Equations
The Digital SAT often tests your ability to determine the number of real solutions to a system of equations without fully solving. Keywords like 'how many points of intersection' or 'how many real solutions' indicate this. Visualize the graphs or analyze the discriminant of the resulting quadratic.
Advanced Math: Complex Relationships
Systems of Nonlinear Equations
Forgetting to find both x and y values for each solution.
Advanced Math: Complex Relationships
Systems of Nonlinear Equations
Not checking all solutions by plugging them back into BOTH original equations.
Advanced Math: Complex Relationships
Systems of Nonlinear Equations
Incorrectly simplifying or factoring the resulting single-variable equation.
Advanced Math: Complex Relationships