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OSHA 10-Hour Construction Review — key terms, tricks & tips

Everything from the course in one searchable place: 482 entries. Use it to review before a practice test or look up a word you forgot.

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Key term

OSHA 10-Hour Card

Proof of completing 10-hour construction safety training.

Getting Started: Exam Overview

Key term

Focus Four Hazards

Leading causes of fatalities: falls, struck-by, caught-in/between, electrical.

Getting Started: Exam Overview

Key term

PPE

Personal Protective Equipment, like hard hats, safety glasses.

Getting Started: Exam Overview

Key term

Hazard Recognition

Ability to identify potential dangers on a job site.

Getting Started: Exam Overview

Key term

Outreach Training Program

OSHA program for general awareness of safety and health hazards.

Getting Started: Exam Overview

Key term

Mandatory Topics

Core subjects required in all OSHA 10-Hour courses.

Getting Started: Exam Overview

Key term

Elective Topics

Optional subjects chosen based on specific industry needs.

Getting Started: Exam Overview

Memory trick

Understanding the OSHA 10-Hour Exam

To remember the Focus Four Hazards, think: 'F-E-S-C': Falls, Electrical, Struck-by, Caught-in/between. Imagine a construction worker 'FESC'ing up if they forget these!

Getting Started: Exam Overview

Exam tip

Understanding the OSHA 10-Hour Exam

Memorize the 'Focus Four Hazards' as they are frequently tested and represent the most critical safety areas according to Cal/OSHA standards.

Getting Started: Exam Overview

Common mistake

Understanding the OSHA 10-Hour Exam

Assuming the exam is just common sense; specific OSHA rules must be learned.

Getting Started: Exam Overview

Common mistake

Understanding the OSHA 10-Hour Exam

Not reviewing all course material, especially elective topics, before the exam.

Getting Started: Exam Overview

Common mistake

Understanding the OSHA 10-Hour Exam

Underestimating the importance of the OSHA 10-Hour card for employment.

Getting Started: Exam Overview

Key term

Active Learning

Engaging with material through summarizing, questioning, or teaching.

Getting Started: Exam Overview

Key term

Spaced Repetition

Reviewing material at increasing intervals to improve long-term memory.

Getting Started: Exam Overview

Key term

Study Plan

A structured schedule for allocating study time and tasks.

Getting Started: Exam Overview

Key term

Cramming

Studying intensely over a short period, often right before an exam.

Getting Started: Exam Overview

Key term

Learning Objectives

Statements describing what you should know or do after a lesson.

Getting Started: Exam Overview

Key term

Module

A major section of the course covering a broad topic.

Getting Started: Exam Overview

Key term

Lesson

A smaller, focused unit within a module.

Getting Started: Exam Overview

Memory trick

Navigating the Course and Study Strategies

To remember the study cycle (Plan, Engage, Practice, Review, Assess), think: 'P.E.P. R.A. - Pep up your brain!'.

Getting Started: Exam Overview

Exam tip

Navigating the Course and Study Strategies

The exam often tests your ability to apply general safety principles to specific scenarios. Look for keywords like 'best practice,' 'first action,' or 'most effective' when answering questions about safety procedures.

Getting Started: Exam Overview

Common mistake

Navigating the Course and Study Strategies

Cramming the night before the exam instead of consistent, spaced study.

Getting Started: Exam Overview

Common mistake

Navigating the Course and Study Strategies

Passively reading material without taking notes or testing comprehension.

Getting Started: Exam Overview

Common mistake

Navigating the Course and Study Strategies

Skipping the 'Checks' and 'Activities' provided in the course.

Getting Started: Exam Overview

Key term

OSH Act

Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, federal law.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Key term

OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Administration, enforcement agency.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Key term

General Duty Clause

Employer must provide a workplace free from recognized hazards.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Key term

Private Sector

Businesses not owned or operated by the government.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Key term

State Plan

State-run safety programs approved by federal OSHA.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Key term

Standards

Specific rules for workplace hazards.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Memory trick

The OSHA Act: Purpose and Scope

Think of the OSH Act as a big 'SHIELD' for workers: S-Safety, H-Health, I-Information, E-Enforcement, L-Laws, D-Duty.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Exam tip

The OSHA Act: Purpose and Scope

For the exam, remember that California operates under Cal/OSHA, an approved state plan. This means California's regulations (Title 8, California Code of Regulations) are often more stringent or cover more areas than federal OSHA. Keywords to spot: 'Cal/OSHA,' 'Title 8,' 'state plan.'

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Common mistake

The OSHA Act: Purpose and Scope

Believing OSHA only applies to large companies; it covers most private sector employers regardless of size.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Common mistake

The OSHA Act: Purpose and Scope

Confusing the OSH Act (the law) with OSHA (the agency that enforces it).

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Common mistake

The OSHA Act: Purpose and Scope

Thinking the General Duty Clause is only used when there's no specific standard; it applies to all recognized hazards.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Key term

CSHO

Compliance Safety and Health Officer; OSHA inspector.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Key term

Imminent Danger

Hazard likely to cause death or serious harm immediately.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Key term

Opening Conference

Initial meeting with CSHO to explain inspection scope.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Key term

Walkaround

Physical inspection of the workplace by the CSHO.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Key term

Closing Conference

Final meeting with CSHO to discuss findings and rights.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Key term

Willful Violation

Violation committed with intentional disregard or indifference.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Key term

Serious Violation

Hazard likely to cause death or serious physical harm.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Key term

Repeat Violation

Cited for a substantially similar hazard previously.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Memory trick

OSHA Inspections and Citations

Remember 'I Fought Cops, Please Call'. I = Imminent Danger, F = Fatality, C = Complaint, P = Programmed, C = Catastrophe. These are the inspection priorities!

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Exam tip

OSHA Inspections and Citations

For the exam, remember that California's Cal/OSHA operates its own state plan, which must be at least as effective as federal OSHA. While the general inspection process is similar, specific penalty amounts and some regulations may differ. Focus on the federal OSHA framework unless a question explicitly mentions Cal/OSHA.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Common mistake

OSHA Inspections and Citations

Not having an employer representative accompany the CSHO during the walkaround.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Common mistake

OSHA Inspections and Citations

Failing to correct hazards identified in previous inspections, leading to repeat or failure-to-abate citations.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Common mistake

OSHA Inspections and Citations

Not understanding the difference between willful and serious violations, which have vastly different penalties.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Key term

Retaliation

Adverse action against an employee for exercising their rights.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Key term

Hazard Communication

OSHA standard requiring information on hazardous chemicals.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Key term

Right to Know

Employee right to information about workplace hazards.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Key term

Competent Person

Someone capable of identifying hazards and authorized to fix them.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Memory trick

Employer & Employee Rights and Responsibilities

E-R-R: Employers Responsibilities, Employee Rights, Report Responsibly. Remember these three to keep everyone safe!

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Exam tip

Employer & Employee Rights and Responsibilities

The California OSHA (Cal/OSHA) General Duty Clause (Labor Code 6401) is similar but often interpreted more broadly, requiring employers to take all reasonable steps to ensure worker safety, even beyond specific standards.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Common mistake

Employer & Employee Rights and Responsibilities

Assuming someone else will report a hazard you see.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Common mistake

Employer & Employee Rights and Responsibilities

Failing to use provided PPE because it's uncomfortable.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Common mistake

Employer & Employee Rights and Responsibilities

Believing that only employers have safety responsibilities.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Key term

Whistleblower

An employee who reports illegal or unethical activities.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Key term

Protected Activity

Actions employees can take without fear of reprisal.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Key term

Section 11(c)

Part of OSH Act protecting employees from discrimination.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Key term

30-Day Deadline

Time limit to file a whistleblower complaint with OSHA.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Memory trick

Whistleblower Protection

Think of 'WHISTLE' as 'Workers Have Important Safety Tips, Let Employers Know.' The last 'E' reminds you of 'Evidence' and 'Enforcement' by OSHA.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Exam tip

Whistleblower Protection

California's Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA) also has whistleblower protections under Labor Code Section 6310, offering similar protections to federal OSHA. The deadline to file a complaint with Cal/OSHA is typically six months.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Common mistake

Whistleblower Protection

Not filing a complaint within the strict 30-day deadline.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Common mistake

Whistleblower Protection

Failing to document the details of the retaliatory action or the protected activity.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Common mistake

Whistleblower Protection

Assuming only formal written complaints are protected; verbal reports can also be protected.

Introduction to OSHA Regulations

Key term

Fall Protection

Measures to prevent or stop falls.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Key term

PFAS

Personal Fall Arrest System.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Key term

Anchorage

Secure point for fall protection.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Key term

Full Body Harness

Distributes fall forces on worker.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Key term

Connecting Device

Links harness to anchorage.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Key term

Guardrail System

Barrier to prevent falls.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Key term

Safety Net System

Catches falling workers.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Memory trick

Fall Protection Systems and Requirements

Remember 'ABC' for PFAS: Anchorage, Body Harness, Connector. Always check your ABCs!

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Exam tip

Fall Protection Systems and Requirements

Cal/OSHA requires fall protection at 7.5 feet for general industry, but for construction, the 6-foot rule generally applies, aligning with federal OSHA. Be aware of specific Cal/OSHA requirements for leading edges and roof work which might have additional rules.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Common mistake

Fall Protection Systems and Requirements

Not inspecting equipment before each use.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Common mistake

Fall Protection Systems and Requirements

Using damaged or improperly fitted equipment.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Common mistake

Fall Protection Systems and Requirements

Attaching to an inadequate anchorage point.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Key term

Leading Edge

An edge that changes location as construction progresses.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Key term

Hole

A gap 2 inches or more in its least dimension on a surface.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Key term

Opening

A gap in a wall, 18"x30" or larger, where one can fall.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Key term

Cover

A protective barrier over a hole, secured and marked.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Key term

Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS)

Equipment that stops a fall, including harness, lanyard, anchor.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Memory trick

Leading Edges, Holes, and Openings

HOLE: H-Cover it, O-Guard it, L-Label it, E-Secure it.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Exam tip

Leading Edges, Holes, and Openings

Cal/OSHA requires fall protection for leading edges, holes, and openings at 7.5 feet or more, which is stricter than federal OSHA's 6-foot rule. Remember this difference for California-specific questions.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Common mistake

Leading Edges, Holes, and Openings

Assuming a hole is too small to be dangerous if it's less than 6 feet above ground.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Common mistake

Leading Edges, Holes, and Openings

Using a cover for a hole that isn't secured or strong enough to support weight.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Common mistake

Leading Edges, Holes, and Openings

Not protecting a leading edge because it's 'only temporary' or 'just for a minute'.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Key term

4-to-1 Rule

Ladder base distance is 1/4 of working length.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Key term

Three Points of Contact

Maintaining contact with ladder while climbing/descending.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Key term

Toeboard

Barrier at platform edge to prevent falling objects.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Key term

Supported Scaffold

Platform supported by rigid structural members.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Key term

Suspended Scaffold

Platform suspended by ropes or other non-rigid means.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Memory trick

Scaffolding and Ladder Fall Hazards

Think 'SCAFFOLD SAFE': S-Support (4x load), C-Competent, A-Above 10ft (fall prot), F-Fall arrest, F-Four-to-one (ladder), O-Overreach (don't!), L-Ladder (3ft above), D-Don't use damaged.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Exam tip

Scaffolding and Ladder Fall Hazards

OSHA requires fall protection on scaffolds when working at heights greater than 10 feet, but California's Cal/OSHA standard (Title 8, Section 1635) requires fall protection when working at heights greater than 7 1/2 feet on scaffolds. Remember this lower threshold!

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Common mistake

Scaffolding and Ladder Fall Hazards

Using a damaged ladder or scaffold component, assuming it's 'good enough' for a quick job.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Common mistake

Scaffolding and Ladder Fall Hazards

Failing to ensure a portable ladder extends 3 feet above the landing surface, making it difficult and unsafe to transition.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Common mistake

Scaffolding and Ladder Fall Hazards

Not installing all required guardrail components (top rail, midrail, toeboard) on a scaffold, creating unprotected openings.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Key term

Elevated Surface

Any work area above a lower level where a fall hazard exists.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Key term

Fall Protection Trigger Height

The minimum height at which fall protection is required (generally 6 feet).

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Key term

Lanyard

A flexible line of rope, wire rope, or strap that generally has a connector at each end.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Memory trick

Fall Protection on Elevated Surfaces

Think 'A-B-C' for PFAS: 'A'nchorage, 'B'ody Harness, 'C'onnector. It's the ABCs of staying safe!

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Exam tip

Fall Protection on Elevated Surfaces

For the Cal/OSHA exam, remember that the general trigger height for fall protection is often 7.5 feet, not 6 feet, for many construction activities, though specific standards may vary. Always check the specific Cal/OSHA standard for the task.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Common mistake

Fall Protection on Elevated Surfaces

Using a body belt instead of a full body harness for fall arrest.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Common mistake

Fall Protection on Elevated Surfaces

Attaching a lanyard to an anchorage point that is not rated for 5,000 lbs.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Common mistake

Fall Protection on Elevated Surfaces

Not inspecting fall protection equipment before each use.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Common mistake

Fall Protection on Elevated Surfaces

Ignoring the 6-foot (or other specific) trigger height for fall protection.

Focus Four: Falls Prevention

Key term

Struck-By Hazard

Injury from impact with an object or equipment.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Key term

Toe Board

Barrier at floor level to prevent objects from falling.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Key term

Tool Lanyard

Strap to secure tools to prevent dropping.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Key term

Exclusion Zone

Area where entry is restricted due to hazard.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Key term

Debris Net

Netting to catch falling construction materials.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Key term

Overhead Protection

Structure protecting workers from falling objects.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Key term

Hard Hat

Head protection required in falling object areas.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Memory trick

Protecting Against Falling Objects

Think 'HARD HATS SAVE LIVES' to remember key protections: **H**ard hats, **A**rea barricades, **R**emove loose items, **D**ebris nets, **H**oist safely, **A**lways secure tools, **T**oe boards, **S**igns, **A**lertness, **V**igilance, **E**xclusion zones, **L**anyards, **I**nspect, **V**erify, **E**ducate, **S**ecure.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Exam tip

Protecting Against Falling Objects

California OSHA (Cal/OSHA) generally follows federal OSHA but may have stricter requirements, especially regarding fall protection and elevated work. Always check Cal/OSHA regulations for specific height thresholds or additional PPE requirements for falling object protection. Remember that Cal/OSHA often requires permits for certain high-hazard activities.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Common mistake

Protecting Against Falling Objects

Not wearing a hard hat when overhead work is occurring, even for a short time.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Common mistake

Protecting Against Falling Objects

Leaving tools or materials unsecured near the edge of an elevated work surface.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Common mistake

Protecting Against Falling Objects

Failing to barricade or post signs for an exclusion zone below elevated work.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Common mistake

Protecting Against Falling Objects

Underestimating the potential harm from small, seemingly insignificant falling objects.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Key term

Blind Spot

Area around equipment not visible to operator.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Key term

Swing Radius

Area where equipment's rotating parts can strike.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Key term

Spotter

Person guiding equipment operator in blind areas.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Key term

Pre-shift Inspection

Mandatory check of equipment before operation.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Key term

High-Visibility Clothing

Garments designed to make wearer easily seen.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Key term

Backup Alarm

Audible warning device on equipment when reversing.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Key term

Load Capacity

Maximum weight equipment can safely handle.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Memory trick

Vehicle and Equipment Safety on Site

VISIBILITY: V-Verify path, I-Inspect equipment, S-Spotter if needed, I-Identify blind spots, B-Be seen, I-Implement signals, L-Limit speed, I-Isolate work zones, T-Talk clearly, Y-Yield to equipment.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Exam tip

Vehicle and Equipment Safety on Site

The exam often tests on the requirement for backup alarms on vehicles and equipment. Remember, if a backup alarm is not working, the equipment should not be used unless a spotter is continuously present.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Common mistake

Vehicle and Equipment Safety on Site

Assuming an equipment operator sees you, especially if you are in a blind spot.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Common mistake

Vehicle and Equipment Safety on Site

Approaching equipment from the rear or sides without making eye contact with the operator.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Common mistake

Vehicle and Equipment Safety on Site

Operating equipment without performing a pre-shift inspection or with known defects.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Key term

High-Visibility Apparel

Clothing to make workers easily seen.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Key term

Situational Awareness

Being aware of surroundings and potential hazards.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Key term

Tethering

Securing tools to prevent them from falling.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Memory trick

Preventing Struck-By Incidents

Think 'S.A.F.E. Site' for Struck-by: Secure tools, Awareness always, Fences/barriers, Equipment checks.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Exam tip

Preventing Struck-By Incidents

The California Occupational Safety and Health Act (Cal/OSHA) emphasizes the hierarchy of controls (elimination, substitution, engineering, administrative, PPE) for all hazards, including struck-by. Be ready to identify examples of each control type.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Common mistake

Preventing Struck-By Incidents

Assuming equipment operators can always see you, especially in blind spots.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Common mistake

Preventing Struck-By Incidents

Not securing tools and materials when working at heights.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Common mistake

Preventing Struck-By Incidents

Failing to wear appropriate PPE, like hard hats, in designated areas.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Key term

Safe Work Zone

Designated area separating workers from hazards.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Key term

Communication

Exchanging information, often via signals or radio.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Memory trick

Safe Work Practices Around Moving Equipment

To remember safe practices around moving equipment, think 'SEE and BE SEEN': Spotters, Eye contact, Equipment inspection, and Be Seen with high-visibility gear.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Exam tip

Safe Work Practices Around Moving Equipment

The California OSHA (Cal/OSHA) standard for construction equipment operation emphasizes the use of backup alarms and requires a signal person (spotter) when the operator's view is obstructed, particularly for earthmoving equipment. Memorize that a spotter is required when the operator's view is obstructed to the rear.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Common mistake

Safe Work Practices Around Moving Equipment

Assuming an equipment operator sees you, especially if you are in a blind spot.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Common mistake

Safe Work Practices Around Moving Equipment

Walking too close to moving equipment or within its swing radius without permission.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Common mistake

Safe Work Practices Around Moving Equipment

Not wearing high-visibility clothing on a job site with active machinery.

Focus Four: Struck-By Hazards

Key term

MSAD

Minimum Safe Approach Distance from power lines.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Key term

De-energize

To remove electrical power from a circuit or line.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Key term

Grounding

Connecting an electrical circuit to the earth for safety.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Key term

Service Drop

Overhead electrical wires from a utility pole to a building.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Key term

Conductive

Material that allows electricity to flow through it easily.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Key term

No-Go Zone

An area near hazards where entry is restricted.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Memory trick

Overhead Power Lines Safety

Think 'Look Up, Live Up!' – always look up for power lines, and you'll live to work another day.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Exam tip

Overhead Power Lines Safety

The California Electrical Safety Orders (Title 8, GISO 2946) have specific requirements for working near high-voltage lines, often mirroring or exceeding federal OSHA. Pay close attention to the 10-foot minimum clearance for lines up to 50 kV, as this is a common exam question.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Common mistake

Overhead Power Lines Safety

Assuming power lines are insulated and safe to touch.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Common mistake

Overhead Power Lines Safety

Estimating distances instead of measuring or using a spotter.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Common mistake

Overhead Power Lines Safety

Approaching an accident scene involving power lines without confirming power is off.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Key term

Lockout

Placement of a lock to prevent equipment operation.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Key term

Tagout

Placement of a tag warning not to operate equipment.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Key term

Authorized Employee

Worker who locks out/tags out equipment for service.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Key term

Affected Employee

Worker who operates or works near locked-out equipment.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Key term

Energy Isolating Device

Mechanical device preventing energy transmission.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Key term

Hazardous Energy

Any energy source that can cause injury.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Key term

Try-out

Attempting to start equipment to verify isolation.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Memory trick

Lockout/Tagout Procedures

LOTO: Lock Out, Tag Out, Take Out the Danger!

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Exam tip

Lockout/Tagout Procedures

The exam often asks about the definition of an 'authorized employee' and 'affected employee' in the context of LOTO. Remember that only 'authorized employees' can apply and remove LOTO devices.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Common mistake

Lockout/Tagout Procedures

Failing to notify affected employees before applying LOTO.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Common mistake

Lockout/Tagout Procedures

Not verifying zero energy after applying LOTO devices (the 'try-out' step).

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Common mistake

Lockout/Tagout Procedures

Allowing unauthorized personnel to remove LOTO devices, or removing someone else's device.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Key term

Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI)

Device that detects current leakage and quickly shuts off power.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Key term

Electrocution

Death or severe injury caused by electric shock.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Key term

Conductor

Material that allows electricity to flow easily.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Memory trick

Grounding and Electrical Safety

GFCI: 'G'uards 'F'or 'C'rew 'I'nterrupts!

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Exam tip

Grounding and Electrical Safety

OSHA requires GFCIs on all 120-volt, single-phase, 15- and 20-ampere receptacles on construction sites not part of permanent wiring and used by employees.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Common mistake

Grounding and Electrical Safety

Using extension cords with missing ground prongs.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Common mistake

Grounding and Electrical Safety

Overloading circuits by plugging too many devices into one outlet.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Common mistake

Grounding and Electrical Safety

Ignoring damaged electrical cords or tools because they still 'work'.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Key term

Electrical Shock

Injury from current passing through the body.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Key term

GFCI

Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter; quickly cuts power.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Key term

Live Part

An energized electrical conductor.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Key term

Double-Insulated

Equipment with two layers of protective insulation.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Key term

Qualified Person

One with training to work on electrical systems.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Memory trick

Recognizing and Avoiding Electrical Hazards

WET-CORD: Water, Exposed, Tagged, Cords, Overloaded, Remove, Danger. Remember these words to quickly recall common electrical hazards and safety steps.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Exam tip

Recognizing and Avoiding Electrical Hazards

For the exam, remember that Cal/OSHA requires GFCIs for all 120-volt, single-phase, 15- and 20-ampere receptacle outlets on construction sites, regardless of whether they are part of the permanent wiring or not, which is a key distinction from federal OSHA.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Common mistake

Recognizing and Avoiding Electrical Hazards

Using electrical tape for permanent repairs on damaged cords.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Common mistake

Recognizing and Avoiding Electrical Hazards

Assuming a tool is safe just because it's still working despite visible damage.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Common mistake

Recognizing and Avoiding Electrical Hazards

Not using GFCIs for temporary power on construction sites.

Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards

Key term

Excavation

Any man-made cut, cavity, trench, or depression in the earth's surface.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Key term

Trench

A narrow excavation where depth is greater than width, and width is ≤ 15 feet.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Key term

Protective System

Methods like sloping, shoring, or shielding to prevent cave-ins.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Key term

Sloping

Cutting back excavation walls at an angle to prevent collapse.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Key term

Shoring

Using supports to prevent soil movement and trench wall collapse.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Key term

Shielding

Using a trench box or shield to protect workers from cave-ins.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Key term

Spoil Pile

Excavated material, must be kept 2 feet from trench edge.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Memory trick

Excavation and Trenching Safety

Think 'S-S-S' for Trench Safety: Sloping, Shoring, Shielding. And remember '2-5-25': 2 feet from edge for spoil, 5 feet deep for protective system, 25 feet max travel to egress.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Exam tip

Excavation and Trenching Safety

For excavations, California OSHA (Cal/OSHA) generally aligns with federal OSHA but can have stricter requirements. Always remember the 5-foot depth rule for protective systems, and the competent person's role is paramount. The 25-foot lateral travel distance for egress in trenches 4 feet or deeper is a key number to memorize.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Common mistake

Excavation and Trenching Safety

Assuming all soil is stable and doesn't require protective systems.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Common mistake

Excavation and Trenching Safety

Not having a competent person on site or ignoring their recommendations.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Common mistake

Excavation and Trenching Safety

Placing spoil piles too close to the excavation edge, leading to collapse.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Key term

Entanglement

Being caught, snagged, or wrapped by moving machinery parts.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Key term

Lockout/Tagout (LOTO)

Procedure to prevent unexpected startup of machinery.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Key term

Machine Guarding

Physical barriers preventing contact with hazardous moving parts.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Key term

Pinch Point

Area where two parts move together, trapping objects.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Key term

Wrap Point

Area where material can get caught and pulled around a rotating part.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Memory trick

Machinery Entanglement Prevention

LOTO: Lock Out, Tag Out, Take Off (jewelry/loose clothes)!

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Exam tip

Machinery Entanglement Prevention

On the Cal/OSHA exam, pay close attention to questions about machine guarding requirements and the specific steps of Lockout/Tagout procedures. Look for keywords like 'unexpected startup' and 'hazardous energy.'

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Common mistake

Machinery Entanglement Prevention

Attempting to clear jams or make adjustments while machinery is running.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Common mistake

Machinery Entanglement Prevention

Wearing loose clothing, long hair, or jewelry near moving parts.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Common mistake

Machinery Entanglement Prevention

Bypassing or removing another worker's Lockout/Tagout device.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Key term

Confined Space

Limited entry/exit, not for continuous occupancy.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Key term

Permit-Required Confined Space

Confined space with serious hazards requiring a permit.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Key term

Non-Permit Confined Space

Confined space without serious hazards.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Key term

Authorized Entrant

Employee authorized to enter a confined space.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Key term

Attendant

Monitors entrants from outside a confined space.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Key term

Entry Supervisor

Responsible for overall confined space entry operations.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Key term

Hazardous Atmosphere

Atmosphere with potential to cause death or injury.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Key term

Engulfment Hazard

Material that can surround and trap a person.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Memory trick

Confined Space Entry Procedures

Remember 'PAATE' for Permit-Required Confined Space entry: Permit, Atmosphere, Attendant, Test, Equipment.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Exam tip

Confined Space Entry Procedures

California's Cal/OSHA regulations for confined spaces (Title 8, Section 5157) are generally more stringent than federal OSHA. Be aware that Cal/OSHA often requires a standby person for all confined space entries, not just permit-required ones, if there's any potential for hazard.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Common mistake

Confined Space Entry Procedures

Entering a confined space without proper atmospheric testing.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Common mistake

Confined Space Entry Procedures

Not having an attendant present for permit-required confined spaces.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Common mistake

Confined Space Entry Procedures

Failing to have a rescue plan or trained rescue personnel available.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Key term

Caught-in/Between Hazard

Being squeezed, caught, crushed between objects.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Key term

Suspended Load

Material or equipment lifted and held overhead.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Memory trick

Preventing Caught-In/Between Incidents

Remember 'S.A.F.E.': Secure materials, Avoid pinch points, Follow LOTO, Ensure guarding.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Exam tip

Preventing Caught-In/Between Incidents

For the exam, remember that California's Cal/OSHA standards often have stricter requirements than federal OSHA, especially regarding excavations and scaffolding. Always look for keywords like 'competent person' when assessing excavation safety.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Common mistake

Preventing Caught-In/Between Incidents

Assuming a machine is off just because it's not moving; always verify with LOTO.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Common mistake

Preventing Caught-In/Between Incidents

Working too close to heavy equipment without making eye contact with the operator.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Common mistake

Preventing Caught-In/Between Incidents

Underestimating the weight or instability of stacked materials.

Focus Four: Caught-In/Between Hazards

Key term