ACS
Airman Certification Standards; FAA guide for pilot certification.
Getting Started: Your Sport Pilot Journey
Free knowledge base
FAA Sport Pilot Airplane (SPA) — key terms, tricks & tips
Everything from the course in one searchable place: 273 entries. Use it to review before a practice test or look up a word you forgot.
273 results
Knowledge Elements
Aeronautical information an applicant must understand.
Getting Started: Your Sport Pilot Journey
Risk Management Elements
Ability to identify, assess, and mitigate flight hazards.
Getting Started: Your Sport Pilot Journey
Skill Elements
Specific maneuvers and procedures an applicant must perform.
Getting Started: Your Sport Pilot Journey
Practical Test
The 'checkride,' an in-flight and oral examination.
Getting Started: Your Sport Pilot Journey
Knowledge Test
The 'written exam,' a multiple-choice computer test.
Getting Started: Your Sport Pilot Journey
Area of Operation
Broad categories of flight tasks within the ACS.
Getting Started: Your Sport Pilot Journey
Understanding the FAA Sport Pilot Airman Certification Standards (ACS)
ACS: Always Check Standards – for everything you need to know, consider, and show!
Getting Started: Your Sport Pilot Journey
Understanding the FAA Sport Pilot Airman Certification Standards (ACS)
The FAA Sport Pilot ACS (current version) is the definitive guide for what you must know, consider, and do to earn your certificate. Know its purpose and how it structures knowledge, risk management, and skill elements for each task.
Getting Started: Your Sport Pilot Journey
Understanding the FAA Sport Pilot Airman Certification Standards (ACS)
Only studying for the knowledge test and neglecting the practical skills or risk management aspects.
Getting Started: Your Sport Pilot Journey
Understanding the FAA Sport Pilot Airman Certification Standards (ACS)
Not understanding that the ACS is used by both the instructor for training and the examiner for testing.
Getting Started: Your Sport Pilot Journey
Understanding the FAA Sport Pilot Airman Certification Standards (ACS)
Failing to review the specific 'Standards' for each maneuver, leading to performance below requirements.
Getting Started: Your Sport Pilot Journey
Endorsement
Instructor's signature allowing test taking.
Getting Started: Your Sport Pilot Journey
METAR
Aviation routine weather report; current weather.
Getting Started: Your Sport Pilot Journey
AIM
Aeronautical Information Manual; official FAA guide.
Getting Started: Your Sport Pilot Journey
PHAK
Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge; fundamental concepts.
Getting Started: Your Sport Pilot Journey
70%
Minimum passing score for FAA knowledge tests.
Getting Started: Your Sport Pilot Journey
Navigating the FAA Knowledge Test: Format, Scoring, and Strategies
PACE: P - Prepare thoroughly; A - Arrive early; C - Check questions carefully; E - Eliminate wrong answers.
Getting Started: Your Sport Pilot Journey
Navigating the FAA Knowledge Test: Format, Scoring, and Strategies
The FAA Sport Pilot Airplane knowledge test (SPA) requires a minimum score of 70%. Be prepared to interpret figures (charts, graphs, weather reports) referenced by questions. Keywords like 'except,' 'minimum,' or 'maximum' are crucial for selecting the correct answer.
Getting Started: Your Sport Pilot Journey
Navigating the FAA Knowledge Test: Format, Scoring, and Strategies
Not reading the entire question or all answer choices before selecting an answer.
Getting Started: Your Sport Pilot Journey
Navigating the FAA Knowledge Test: Format, Scoring, and Strategies
Failing to review marked questions before submitting the test.
Getting Started: Your Sport Pilot Journey
Navigating the FAA Knowledge Test: Format, Scoring, and Strategies
Not understanding the figures supplement and how to use it for specific questions.
Getting Started: Your Sport Pilot Journey
Light-Sport Aircraft (LSA)
Aircraft meeting specific weight and performance criteria, authorized for sport pilots.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Pilot in Command (PIC)
The pilot responsible for the operation and safety of an aircraft during flight.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Compensation or Hire
Receiving payment or remuneration for flight services, prohibited for sport pilots.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Flight Review
A biennial review of pilot skills and knowledge with an instructor, required for currency.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Daylight Operations
Flight restricted to the period between sunrise and sunset for sport pilots.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
U.S. Driver's License
Required for sport pilots instead of an FAA medical certificate, with conditions.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Sport Pilot Privileges, Limitations, and Aircraft
SPORT: S-hare costs, P-assenger (one), O-nly daytime, R-ecreational, T-hree landings (in 90 days)
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Sport Pilot Privileges, Limitations, and Aircraft
The FAA exam frequently tests the specific limitations of a sport pilot. Remember that 'compensation or hire' is a key prohibitor. Also, be precise about airspace: Class A is always out, B/C/D require endorsements. For passenger carriage, the '3 takeoffs and landings in 90 days' is a common question, and for night, it's 'to a full stop'.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Sport Pilot Privileges, Limitations, and Aircraft
Attempting to fly for any form of compensation or hire, even if it's a small fee.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Sport Pilot Privileges, Limitations, and Aircraft
Carrying more than one passenger, or carrying a passenger without meeting the 90-day takeoff/landing currency.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Sport Pilot Privileges, Limitations, and Aircraft
Operating in Class A airspace, or in Class B, C, or D without the required instructor endorsement.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Airworthiness Certificate
FAA document proving aircraft meets design & safe condition.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Registration Certificate
FAA document proving aircraft ownership & registration.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Operating Limitations
Rules for safe aircraft operation (POH/placards).
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Placards
Permanent labels on aircraft with operating info.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Aircraft Registration, Airworthiness, & Documents
Remember 'ARROW' for the required aircraft documents: Airworthiness, Registration, Operating Limitations, Weight and Balance, and (Aircraft) Logbooks.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Aircraft Registration, Airworthiness, & Documents
The FAA exam often tests the specific list of documents required onboard. Memorize 'ARROW' and know that the Airworthiness Certificate does not expire, but the Registration Certificate does.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Aircraft Registration, Airworthiness, & Documents
Forgetting to check the expiration date on the registration certificate.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Aircraft Registration, Airworthiness, & Documents
Not knowing where to find the aircraft's specific operating limitations.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Aircraft Registration, Airworthiness, & Documents
Confusing the Airworthiness Certificate (does not expire) with the Registration Certificate (expires).
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Right-of-Way
The right to proceed without interference.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Congested Area
An area with numerous people/structures.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Uncongested Area
An area not densely populated or built up.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Prohibited Area
Airspace where flight is not allowed.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Restricted Area
Airspace with flight limitations due to hazards.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Converging
Approaching the same point from different directions.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Overtaking
Approaching another aircraft from behind.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Operating Rules: Right-of-Way, Altitudes, & Restrictions
Remember 'B-G-A-A' for the right-of-way hierarchy: Balloon, Glider, Airship, Airplane. For converging aircraft, 'Right is Right!'
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Operating Rules: Right-of-Way, Altitudes, & Restrictions
The exam frequently tests the order of right-of-way for different aircraft categories. Memorize the hierarchy: Balloon > Glider > Airship > Airplane. Also, know the specific altitude numbers for congested vs. uncongested areas.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Operating Rules: Right-of-Way, Altitudes, & Restrictions
Assuming you always have right-of-way if you're faster or more maneuverable.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Operating Rules: Right-of-Way, Altitudes, & Restrictions
Forgetting to check for Prohibited or Restricted areas on your chart before flight.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Operating Rules: Right-of-Way, Altitudes, & Restrictions
Confusing minimum altitude requirements for congested versus uncongested areas.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Aircraft Accident
Occurrence with death, serious injury, or substantial damage between boarding and disembarking.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Serious Injury
Hospitalization > 48 hrs, fractures (not fingers/toes/nose), severe hemorrhages, internal organ damage.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Substantial Damage
Damage adversely affecting structural strength, performance, or flight characteristics, requiring major repair.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Incident
An occurrence other than an accident, affecting or potentially affecting the safety of operations.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
NTSB
National Transportation Safety Board; investigates accidents and incidents.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
FAA Enforcement
FAA actions (warnings, suspensions) against pilots for regulatory violations.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Letter of Investigation (LOI)
Initial FAA notification of an alleged regulatory violation.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Sport Pilot Medical
Valid U.S. driver's license, no denied/revoked FAA medical, and self-assessment of fitness.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Accident Reporting, Enforcement, and Medicals for SPs
NTSB: 'N'ot 'T'o 'S'hirk 'B'lame, but 'T'o 'S'ave 'B'eings. Report for safety, not punishment.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Accident Reporting, Enforcement, and Medicals for SPs
For the exam, memorize the specific criteria for 'serious injury' and 'substantial damage' as these are frequently tested. Also, know that a sport pilot needs a valid driver's license, not an FAA medical certificate, unless a previous medical was denied, suspended, or revoked.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Accident Reporting, Enforcement, and Medicals for SPs
Assuming any damage means an NTSB accident report is required; specific criteria for 'substantial damage' apply.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Accident Reporting, Enforcement, and Medicals for SPs
Ignoring minor medical conditions that could impair safe flight, relying solely on the driver's license rule without self-assessment.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Accident Reporting, Enforcement, and Medicals for SPs
Failing to respond to an FAA Letter of Investigation, which can worsen potential enforcement outcomes.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
NOTAM
Notice to Air Missions; time-critical info for flight operations.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
TFR
Temporary Flight Restriction; non-permanent airspace restriction.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Flight Service
Provides weather briefings, NOTAMs, and flight plan services.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Airspace Violation
Operating an aircraft contrary to airspace rules.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Graphical TFR
Visual representation of TFRs on a map.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Preflight Briefing
Gathering all necessary info before a flight, including NOTAMs.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Special Flight Operations and TFRs
TFR: 'T' for 'Temporary,' 'F' for 'Forbidden,' 'R' for 'Restrictions.' Don't Fly Recklessly!
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Special Flight Operations and TFRs
For the exam, remember that TFRs are issued via NOTAMs and that pilot responsibility for knowing them is absolute. Keywords like 'disaster relief,' 'VIP movement,' or 'space launch' often indicate a TFR.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Special Flight Operations and TFRs
Not checking NOTAMs immediately before flight, assuming no TFRs exist.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Special Flight Operations and TFRs
Relying solely on graphical TFR depictions without reading the full NOTAM text.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Special Flight Operations and TFRs
Assuming a TFR is no longer active without official confirmation.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Special Flight Operations and TFRs
Failing to contact ATC immediately after inadvertently entering a TFR.
Sport Pilot Regulations: The Rules of the Sky
Class G Airspace
Uncontrolled airspace, no ATC services.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Class E Airspace
Controlled airspace, common for VFR flight.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Class D Airspace
Controlled airspace around towered airports.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Class C Airspace
Controlled airspace around busier airports.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Class B Airspace
Controlled airspace around the busiest airports.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
VFR Weather Minimums
Minimum visibility and cloud clearance for VFR flight.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Sectional Chart
Aeronautical chart showing airspace and navigation info.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Understanding Airspace Classifications
To remember the airspace classes from most restrictive to least for VFR pilots: 'A Big Crazy Dog Eats Grass.' (A, B, C, D, E, G)
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Understanding Airspace Classifications
The FAA exam often asks about specific VFR weather minimums for different airspace classes. Memorize the '3-152' rule for Class E (below 10,000 MSL): 3 SM visibility, 1,000 ft above, 500 ft below, 2,000 ft horizontal from clouds. For Class G (day, below 1,200 AGL): 1 SM visibility, clear of clouds.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Understanding Airspace Classifications
Entering Class B, C, or D airspace without proper communication or clearance, leading to a violation.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Understanding Airspace Classifications
Failing to check the sectional chart for airspace boundaries and altitudes, especially when transitioning between areas.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Understanding Airspace Classifications
Misinterpreting VFR weather minimums for the specific airspace class, leading to inadvertent VFR into IMC (Instrument Meteorological Conditions).
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
VFR Sectional Chart
A detailed aeronautical chart for visual flight rules.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Pilotage
Navigation by visual reference to landmarks on the ground.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
GPS
Global Positioning System; satellite-based navigation.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Dead Reckoning
Estimating position using speed, direction, and time.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Checkpoint
A prominent landmark used to confirm position.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Legend
Key explaining symbols on a sectional chart.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
True Course
Desired path over the ground, measured from true north.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Groundspeed
Aircraft's speed relative to the ground.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Navigational Aids: Sectional Charts, GPS, and Pilotage
To remember the primary VFR navigation methods: 'GPS Puts Charts Down' (GPS, Pilotage, Charts, Dead reckoning).
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Navigational Aids: Sectional Charts, GPS, and Pilotage
The FAA exam often tests your ability to interpret sectional chart symbols, especially for airspace boundaries, airport types, and obstruction heights. Memorize common symbols and understand that GPS is a supplemental aid for VFR flight, not a primary means of navigation.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Navigational Aids: Sectional Charts, GPS, and Pilotage
Relying solely on GPS without cross-referencing with a sectional chart or visual landmarks.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Navigational Aids: Sectional Charts, GPS, and Pilotage
Using an outdated VFR sectional chart, which can lead to incorrect airspace or obstruction information.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Navigational Aids: Sectional Charts, GPS, and Pilotage
Not identifying enough prominent landmarks for pilotage, especially over featureless terrain or in marginal weather.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Navigational Aids: Sectional Charts, GPS, and Pilotage
Failing to account for wind when planning for dead reckoning, leading to inaccurate time and position estimates.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
CTAF
Common Traffic Advisory Frequency for non-towered airports.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Traffic Pattern
Standard rectangular course flown around an airport.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Pattern Altitude
Prescribed altitude for flying the traffic pattern, usually 1000' AGL.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Runway Incursion
Any unauthorized entry onto a runway.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Light Gun Signals
Visual signals from ATC for radio failure situations.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Hold Short Line
Yellow markings indicating where to stop before a runway.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
ATIS/AWOS
Automated weather and airport information broadcast.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Airport Operations: Patterns, Comms, Markings
Remember 'Red is Stop, Yellow is Go Slow, White is Runway Flow' for airport markings.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Airport Operations: Patterns, Comms, Markings
The FAA exam often tests your ability to identify airport markings and signs. Pay close attention to the colors and shapes: red signs are mandatory, yellow lines are taxiway related, and white markings are runway related. Also, know the standard traffic pattern entry procedures.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Airport Operations: Patterns, Comms, Markings
Entering a traffic pattern without first listening on the CTAF or contacting ATC.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Airport Operations: Patterns, Comms, Markings
Failing to read back ATC instructions at towered airports.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Airport Operations: Patterns, Comms, Markings
Crossing a 'Hold Short' line without explicit clearance from ATC.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Diversion
Changing destination mid-flight due to unforeseen circumstances.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
5 C's
Mnemonic for lost procedures: Climb, Communicate, Confess, Comply, Conserve.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
14 CFR 91.3
Pilot in Command authority to deviate from rules in an emergency.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
FSS
Flight Service Station; provides weather briefings and flight plan services.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
ATC
Air Traffic Control; provides air traffic services and emergency assistance.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Lost Procedures, Diversions, and Emergency Navigation
When you're LOST, remember the 5 C's: Climb, Communicate, Confess, Comply, Conserve. It's like finding your way home after getting lost in a big store!
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Lost Procedures, Diversions, and Emergency Navigation
The exam often tests your knowledge of the 5 C's for lost procedures. Memorize them in order. Also, understand that 14 CFR 91.3 grants the PIC broad authority in an emergency, but requires a report if requested.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Lost Procedures, Diversions, and Emergency Navigation
Panicking and making rash decisions instead of following a structured procedure like the 5 C's.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Lost Procedures, Diversions, and Emergency Navigation
Hesitating to contact ATC or confess you are lost, fearing consequences. ATC is there to help.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Lost Procedures, Diversions, and Emergency Navigation
Not carrying current paper charts as a backup, relying solely on electronic navigation.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Lost Procedures, Diversions, and Emergency Navigation
Failing to consider wind effects when calculating headings for diversions or dead reckoning.
Airspace and Navigation: Finding Your Way
Atmospheric Pressure
Force exerted by the weight of the air.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Density Altitude
Pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Atmospheric Stability
Atmosphere's resistance to vertical air motion.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Temperature Inversion
Temperature increases with increasing altitude.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Adiabatic Process
Temperature change without heat exchange.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Lapse Rate
Rate at which temperature changes with altitude.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate
Rate dry air cools as it rises (3°C/1000 ft).
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Atmospheric Stability, Temperature, and Pressure
Think 'Hot, High, Humid = Horrible Performance' for density altitude effects. For inversions, remember 'Inversion = Invisible Lid' trapping bad air.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Atmospheric Stability, Temperature, and Pressure
For the exam, remember that high density altitude (hot, high, humid) always means poorer aircraft performance. Also, temperature inversions are characterized by stable air and often poor visibility below the inversion.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Atmospheric Stability, Temperature, and Pressure
Confusing pressure altitude with density altitude; density altitude is pressure altitude corrected for temperature.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Atmospheric Stability, Temperature, and Pressure
Assuming all temperature decreases with altitude; inversions are a key exception.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Atmospheric Stability, Temperature, and Pressure
Underestimating the performance impact of high density altitude, especially on hot days or at high-elevation airports.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
TAF
Terminal Aerodrome Forecast; forecast for an airport, usually 24-30 hours.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Visibility
Horizontal distance an observer can see and identify objects.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Sky Condition
Amount of sky covered by clouds and their height.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Altimeter Setting
Barometric pressure setting for an altimeter, in inches of mercury.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Zulu Time
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), used in aviation worldwide.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
AGL
Above Ground Level; height measurement from the ground surface.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
KT
Knots; unit of speed used for wind in aviation reports.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Decoding Aviation Weather Reports (METARs, TAFs)
METAR is 'M' for 'Moment' – current conditions. TAF is 'T' for 'Tomorrow' – future forecast. This helps distinguish their purpose!
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Decoding Aviation Weather Reports (METARs, TAFs)
For the exam, memorize the common abbreviations for sky cover (FEW, SCT, BKN, OVC) and their corresponding cloud coverage in eighths. Also, remember that wind direction is always true, not magnetic, in METARs/TAFs.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Decoding Aviation Weather Reports (METARs, TAFs)
Confusing true wind direction (in METAR/TAF) with magnetic wind direction (on runway signage).
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Decoding Aviation Weather Reports (METARs, TAFs)
Misinterpreting cloud heights (AGL vs. MSL) and visibility values.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Decoding Aviation Weather Reports (METARs, TAFs)
Not checking the valid times for TAFs, leading to outdated forecast information.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Thunderstorm
Severe weather with lightning, thunder, strong winds, hail.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Microburst
Localized column of sinking air, producing damaging divergent winds.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Fog
Cloud at or near the ground, reducing visibility below 5/8 SM.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Airframe Icing
Supercooled water freezing on aircraft surfaces in flight.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Wind Shear
Sudden, drastic change in wind speed/direction over short distance.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Rime Ice
Rough, opaque ice formed by small supercooled droplets.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Clear Ice
Smooth, transparent ice formed by large supercooled droplets.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Hazardous Weather: Thunderstorms, Fog, Icing, Wind Shear
For Thunderstorms, remember 'MIL': Moisture, Instability, Lifting action.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Hazardous Weather: Thunderstorms, Fog, Icing, Wind Shear
The exam frequently asks about the conditions required for thunderstorm formation (moisture, instability, lifting action) and the safest action when encountering hazardous weather (avoidance, diverting, or landing).
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Hazardous Weather: Thunderstorms, Fog, Icing, Wind Shear
Attempting to fly through or under a thunderstorm to save time.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Hazardous Weather: Thunderstorms, Fog, Icing, Wind Shear
Ignoring converging temperature/dew point spreads, leading to unexpected fog.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Hazardous Weather: Thunderstorms, Fog, Icing, Wind Shear
Not recognizing the signs of wind shear and failing to take corrective action.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Flight Service Station (FSS)
Provides preflight weather briefings and in-flight services.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Standard Briefing
Comprehensive preflight weather briefing for initial planning.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Abbreviated Briefing
Update to a previous briefing or for specific weather items.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Outlook Briefing
General weather overview for planning 6+ hours in advance.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
1-800-WX-BRIEF
Toll-free number for obtaining official weather briefings.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Aviation Weather Center (AWC)
Primary source for aviation meteorological products.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
ATIS
Automated Terminal Information Service, broadcasts airport info.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Flight Watch
In-flight weather advisories on 122.0 MHz.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Sources of Weather Information and Briefings
S.A.O. — Standard, Abbreviated, Outlook. Just like a good pilot is 'SAO' (savvy and organized) about weather!
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Sources of Weather Information and Briefings
For the exam, remember that a 'Standard Briefing' is the most complete. If asked about planning far in advance, 'Outlook Briefing' is the keyword. The number '1-800-WX-BRIEF' is a common exam item.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Sources of Weather Information and Briefings
Relying on general consumer weather apps instead of official aviation sources.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Sources of Weather Information and Briefings
Not getting a briefing because 'the sky looks clear' from the ground.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Sources of Weather Information and Briefings
Failing to monitor weather in flight, assuming it won't change from the preflight briefing.
Weather Wise: Staying Safe in the Skies
Lift
Aerodynamic force opposing weight, generated by airfoils.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Drag
Aerodynamic force opposing thrust, resisting motion.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Thrust
Forward force generated by engine/propeller.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Weight
Downward force due to gravity on aircraft mass.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Airfoil
Shape designed to generate lift when air flows over it.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Angle of Attack
Angle between wing's chord line and relative wind.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Parasite Drag
Drag from non-lifting parts, increases with airspeed.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Induced Drag
Drag from lift generation, decreases with airspeed.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Aerodynamics: Lift, Drag, Thrust, Weight, and Control
Remember 'L-W-T-D' for Lift, Weight, Thrust, Drag, and 'APE' for Ailerons-Pitch-Elevator... wait, that's wrong! Try 'APE' for Ailerons-Pitch-Elevator is wrong. Instead, use 'R-A-P' for Roll-Ailerons-Pitch, 'P-E-L' for Pitch-Elevator-Lateral, and 'Y-R-V' for Yaw-Rudder-Vertical. Or just remember 'Ailerons Roll, Elevator Pitches, Rudder Yawns' (like a yawn is a side-to-side motion).
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Aerodynamics: Lift, Drag, Thrust, Weight, and Control
For the exam, remember that in unaccelerated flight, lift equals weight and thrust equals drag. Also, know that ailerons control roll, elevator controls pitch, and rudder controls yaw.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Aerodynamics: Lift, Drag, Thrust, Weight, and Control
Confusing the effects of control surfaces (e.g., thinking rudder controls roll).
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Aerodynamics: Lift, Drag, Thrust, Weight, and Control
Believing that increasing angle of attack always increases lift, forgetting about the critical angle of attack and stalls.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Aerodynamics: Lift, Drag, Thrust, Weight, and Control
Not understanding that induced drag decreases with airspeed while parasite drag increases.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Reciprocating Engine
Engine converting fuel to mechanical energy via pistons.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Propeller
Rotating airfoil generating thrust to pull aircraft forward.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Fixed-Pitch Propeller
Propeller with a blade angle that cannot be changed by pilot.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Fuel Selector Valve
Allows pilot to select fuel tank or shut off fuel flow.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Alternator
Engine-driven generator producing electrical power for aircraft.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Battery
Stores electrical energy, provides power for starting and backup.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Ailerons
Primary flight controls on wings for controlling roll.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Flaps
Secondary flight controls increasing lift and drag for slow flight.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Aircraft Systems: Engine, Propeller, Fuel, Electrical
For the four-stroke engine cycle, remember 'Suck, Squeeze, Bang, Blow' (Intake, Compression, Power, Exhaust).
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Aircraft Systems: Engine, Propeller, Fuel, Electrical
Memorize the purpose of each primary flight control: ailerons for roll, elevator for pitch, rudder for yaw. The FAA frequently tests these fundamental relationships.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Aircraft Systems: Engine, Propeller, Fuel, Electrical
Forgetting to check fuel sumps for water or contaminants during pre-flight, which can lead to engine failure.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Aircraft Systems: Engine, Propeller, Fuel, Electrical
Ignoring an alternator failure warning light, leading to a complete loss of electrical power during flight.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Aircraft Systems: Engine, Propeller, Fuel, Electrical
Not performing a full and free movement check of flight controls before takeoff, risking jammed controls.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Arm
Horizontal distance from the datum to an item's CG.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Moment
Product of weight multiplied by arm.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Datum
Imaginary reference plane for W&B measurements.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Center of Gravity (CG)
Point where aircraft's total weight is concentrated.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
CG Envelope
Chart showing acceptable CG range for given weights.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Useful Load
Weight of pilot, passengers, fuel, and baggage.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Empty Weight
Weight of aircraft without fuel, pilot, passengers, or cargo.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Weight & Balance: Calculations, Effects, and Limitations
Think 'W-A-M': Weight times Arm equals Moment. It's the building block for all W&B calculations!
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Weight & Balance: Calculations, Effects, and Limitations
For the exam, focus on understanding the *effects* of out-of-limits weight and CG. Keywords: 'aft CG' means less stable, 'forward CG' means harder to rotate/flare, 'overweight' means reduced performance. Memorize the basic formula: Weight x Arm = Moment.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Weight & Balance: Calculations, Effects, and Limitations
Forgetting to account for fuel burn during flight, which changes both total weight and CG.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Weight & Balance: Calculations, Effects, and Limitations
Assuming an aircraft is within limits just because it looks balanced or has flown before with a similar load.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Weight & Balance: Calculations, Effects, and Limitations
Not using the *specific* empty weight and EWCG for your aircraft, as these vary even among the same model.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Headwind
Wind blowing directly against the direction of flight.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Tailwind
Wind blowing directly with the direction of flight.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Crosswind
Wind blowing across the aircraft's line of flight.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Takeoff Roll
Distance needed to accelerate to liftoff speed.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Landing Roll
Distance needed to decelerate after touchdown.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Rate of Climb
Vertical speed an aircraft can ascend.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Service Ceiling
Altitude where climb rate drops to 100 fpm.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Performance Factors: Takeoff, Landing, Climb, and Cruise
HOT, HEAVY, and HIGH means HARDER to FLY! (Hot temperature, Heavy weight, High elevation/density altitude makes flying harder).
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Performance Factors: Takeoff, Landing, Climb, and Cruise
For the exam, remember that increased density altitude, increased weight, and tailwinds all degrade performance, leading to longer takeoff/landing distances and reduced climb rates. Look for questions that combine these factors.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Performance Factors: Takeoff, Landing, Climb, and Cruise
Underestimating the impact of high density altitude on takeoff distance, especially at unfamiliar airports.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Performance Factors: Takeoff, Landing, Climb, and Cruise
Failing to account for a tailwind during landing, resulting in overshooting the runway or a longer landing roll.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Performance Factors: Takeoff, Landing, Climb, and Cruise
Overloading the aircraft, leading to poor climb performance and potential control issues.
Aircraft Performance and Systems: Know Your Machine
Hypoxia
Oxygen deficiency in the body, impairs function.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Spatial Disorientation
Inability to determine attitude/position relative to Earth.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Vertigo
Common term for spatial disorientation.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Fatigue
Tiredness leading to decreased performance.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Stress
Body's response to demands, can impair judgment.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Cyanosis
Blue discoloration of skin/lips due to low oxygen.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Vestibular System
Inner ear system providing balance and spatial sense.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Acute Fatigue
Short-term tiredness, easily overcome by rest.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Physiological Factors: Hypoxia, Vertigo, Fatigue, Stress
To remember the primary physiological factors, think of the acronym 'H.A.S.F.S.': Hypoxia, Acute fatigue, Spatial disorientation, Fatigue, Stress. (Yes, fatigue is in there twice because it's so important!)
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Physiological Factors: Hypoxia, Vertigo, Fatigue, Stress
For the exam, remember the oxygen requirements: above 12,500 feet MSL for more than 30 minutes, supplemental oxygen is required for the pilot. Above 14,000 feet MSL, pilot must use oxygen continuously. Above 15,000 feet MSL, each occupant must be provided oxygen.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Physiological Factors: Hypoxia, Vertigo, Fatigue, Stress
Ignoring subtle symptoms of hypoxia because you feel 'fine' or even 'euphoric'.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Physiological Factors: Hypoxia, Vertigo, Fatigue, Stress
Trying to 'fight' spatial disorientation by trusting your body's sensations over instruments.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Physiological Factors: Hypoxia, Vertigo, Fatigue, Stress
Flying when significantly fatigued or stressed, believing you can 'push through' it.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM)
Systematic process for pilots to make safe flight decisions.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Risk Management
Identifying, assessing, and mitigating hazards to an acceptable level.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Hazard
Condition, event, or circumstance that could lead to an undesired event.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Risk
Future impact of an uncontrolled hazard; probability and severity.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
DECIDE Model
A six-step framework for structured decision-making in aviation.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Mitigation
Actions taken to reduce the severity or probability of a risk.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) & Risk Management
To remember the DECIDE model, think of a pilot saying: 'Detecting Every Change, I Decide to Evaluate.'
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) & Risk Management
The FAA exam often asks about the definition of ADM and the steps of the DECIDE model. Remember that ADM is a 'systematic approach' to 'consistently determine the best course of action.'
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) & Risk Management
Making impulsive decisions without fully assessing the situation.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) & Risk Management
Ignoring subtle cues or changes that could indicate a problem.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) & Risk Management
Failing to develop contingency plans during pre-flight planning.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Hazardous Attitudes
Mindsets that can lead to poor pilot judgment.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Antidote
A corrective thought or action for a hazardous attitude.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
PAVE Checklist
A risk assessment tool for Pilot, Aircraft, enVironment, External pressures.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
IMSAFE Checklist
A personal minimums checklist for pilot fitness.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Anti-authority
Disregard for rules or regulations.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Invulnerability
Belief that accidents won't happen to oneself.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Get-there-itis
An external pressure to reach a destination regardless of conditions.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Hazardous Attitudes and Antidotes: PAVE, IMSAFE
Remember the hazardous attitudes with 'AIMIR': Anti-authority, Impulsivity, Macho, Invulnerability, Resignation. For IMSAFE, think 'I'm Safe to fly?'
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Hazardous Attitudes and Antidotes: PAVE, IMSAFE
For the exam, memorize the five hazardous attitudes and their exact antidotes. Also, know what each letter in PAVE and IMSAFE stands for. Questions often present scenarios and ask you to identify the attitude or the best course of action.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Hazardous Attitudes and Antidotes: PAVE, IMSAFE
Underestimating the impact of minor illnesses or stress on flight performance.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Hazardous Attitudes and Antidotes: PAVE, IMSAFE
Ignoring external pressures like 'get-there-itis' and pushing limits.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Hazardous Attitudes and Antidotes: PAVE, IMSAFE
Failing to apply the appropriate antidote when a hazardous attitude is recognized.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Driver's License
Can serve as medical qualification for sport pilots under certain rules.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Self-Assessment
Pilot's personal evaluation of their fitness to fly, especially for sport pilots.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Disqualifying Condition
Any medical condition preventing safe motor vehicle operation or flight.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
FAA Medical Certificate
Official document issued by an AME certifying medical fitness to fly.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
AME
Aviation Medical Examiner, a physician authorized to perform FAA medical exams.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Aeromedical Factors: Medical Certificates & Self-Assessment
To remember the sport pilot medical rule: 'D.L. is O.K., unless F.A.A. said N.O. way!' (Driver's License is okay, unless FAA said no way to a medical).
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Aeromedical Factors: Medical Certificates & Self-Assessment
For the exam, remember the specific conditions under which a sport pilot CANNOT use a driver's license as medical qualification: if they have EVER been denied, suspended, or had an FAA medical certificate revoked. Keywords to spot are 'denied,' 'revoked,' or 'suspended.'
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Aeromedical Factors: Medical Certificates & Self-Assessment
Assuming a driver's license is always sufficient, even after an FAA medical denial.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Aeromedical Factors: Medical Certificates & Self-Assessment
Not understanding that 'medically fit to drive' also means 'medically fit to fly' for sport pilots.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command
Aeromedical Factors: Medical Certificates & Self-Assessment
Ignoring the effects of over-the-counter medications on flight safety.
Human Factors and ADM: Pilot in Command