Airman Knowledge Test
FAA computer-based exam for pilot certificates.
Getting Started: Your Path to a Private Pilot Certificate
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FAA Private Pilot Helicopter (PRH) — key terms, tricks & tips
Everything from the course in one searchable place: 317 entries. Use it to review before a practice test or look up a word you forgot.
317 results · showing first 300, refine your search
PRH
Abbreviation for Private Pilot Helicopter exam.
Getting Started: Your Path to a Private Pilot Certificate
Endorsement
Instructor's authorization to take an FAA exam.
Getting Started: Your Path to a Private Pilot Certificate
14 CFR
Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (FAA rules).
Getting Started: Your Path to a Private Pilot Certificate
Aeronautical Decision-Making
Systematic approach to risk assessment and mitigation.
Getting Started: Your Path to a Private Pilot Certificate
Practical Exam (Checkride)
In-flight test with an FAA examiner.
Getting Started: Your Path to a Private Pilot Certificate
Airman Certification Standards (ACS)
Defines knowledge, risk management, and skill requirements.
Getting Started: Your Path to a Private Pilot Certificate
Understanding the FAA Private Pilot Helicopter (PRH) Exam
To remember the key areas: 'R-A-W-N-P-A': Regulations, Aerodynamics, Weather, Navigation, Performance, Airport Ops.
Getting Started: Your Path to a Private Pilot Certificate
Understanding the FAA Private Pilot Helicopter (PRH) Exam
The PRH exam often tests your ability to apply regulations and aerodynamic principles to specific helicopter scenarios. Pay close attention to questions involving weight and balance, performance charts, and airspace classifications. Memorize the basic VFR weather minimums for different airspace types.
Getting Started: Your Path to a Private Pilot Certificate
Understanding the FAA Private Pilot Helicopter (PRH) Exam
Memorizing answers without understanding the underlying concepts, which can be problematic if questions are phrased differently.
Getting Started: Your Path to a Private Pilot Certificate
Understanding the FAA Private Pilot Helicopter (PRH) Exam
Not using the provided figures, charts, and tables in the supplement book when required by a question.
Getting Started: Your Path to a Private Pilot Certificate
Understanding the FAA Private Pilot Helicopter (PRH) Exam
Rushing through the exam without carefully reading each question and all answer choices.
Getting Started: Your Path to a Private Pilot Certificate
ACS
Airman Certification Standards; FAA document for pilot certification.
Getting Started: Your Path to a Private Pilot Certificate
Area of Operation
Major phase of flight or pilot responsibility in the ACS.
Getting Started: Your Path to a Private Pilot Certificate
Task
Specific action or procedure within an Area of Operation.
Getting Started: Your Path to a Private Pilot Certificate
Knowledge Element
Factual information required for a Task.
Getting Started: Your Path to a Private Pilot Certificate
Risk Management Element
Identifying and mitigating hazards for a Task.
Getting Started: Your Path to a Private Pilot Certificate
Skill Element
Flight maneuver or procedure to be performed.
Getting Started: Your Path to a Private Pilot Certificate
DPE
Designated Pilot Examiner; conducts practical exams.
Getting Started: Your Path to a Private Pilot Certificate
Practical Exam
The 'checkride,' final flight test for a certificate.
Getting Started: Your Path to a Private Pilot Certificate
Navigating the Airman Certification Standards (ACS)
KRS: Knowledge, Risk, Skill. Remember, you need to Know it, manage the Risk, and have the Skill to do it!
Getting Started: Your Path to a Private Pilot Certificate
Navigating the Airman Certification Standards (ACS)
For the exam, be able to identify the three main components of each ACS task: Knowledge, Risk Management, and Skill. Also, know that the ACS replaced the PTS.
Getting Started: Your Path to a Private Pilot Certificate
Navigating the Airman Certification Standards (ACS)
Ignoring the ACS until just before the checkride, missing its value as a training guide.
Getting Started: Your Path to a Private Pilot Certificate
Navigating the Airman Certification Standards (ACS)
Focusing only on the 'skill' elements and neglecting the crucial 'knowledge' and 'risk management' components.
Getting Started: Your Path to a Private Pilot Certificate
Navigating the Airman Certification Standards (ACS)
Using an outdated version of the ACS; always ensure you have the current edition for your certificate.
Getting Started: Your Path to a Private Pilot Certificate
14 CFR Part 61
Federal Aviation Regulations governing pilot certification.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Private Pilot Certificate
Allows flight for non-commercial purposes, cannot fly for hire.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Medical Certificate
Required health certification for pilots, specific classes for different operations.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Flight Review
Periodic review of pilot skills and knowledge, required every 24 calendar months.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Aeronautical Experience
Minimum flight time and training required for a certificate or rating.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Practical Test (Checkride)
Flight test with an examiner to demonstrate piloting proficiency.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Pro Rata Share
Equal share of operating expenses among pilot and passengers.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Currency
Meeting recent flight experience requirements to act as PIC.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
14 CFR Part 61: Pilot Certification Requirements
Think of 'Part 61' as 'Pilot's Go Live' – it's where you learn how to get certified to fly!
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
14 CFR Part 61: Pilot Certification Requirements
For the exam, remember the minimum age for a private pilot certificate is 17, and the minimum total flight time for a helicopter rating is 40 hours. Keywords to spot include 'compensation or hire' (not allowed for private pilots) and 'pro rata share' (allowed for expense sharing).
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
14 CFR Part 61: Pilot Certification Requirements
Confusing the minimum age for solo flight (16) with the minimum age for certificate issuance (17).
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
14 CFR Part 61: Pilot Certification Requirements
Believing a private pilot can accept payment for a flight, even if it's just for fuel, without sharing expenses pro rata.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
14 CFR Part 61: Pilot Certification Requirements
Forgetting to maintain night currency before carrying passengers at night.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Pilot in Command (PIC)
Directly responsible for and final authority of aircraft operation.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Preflight Action
Required familiarization with all available information before flight.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Right-of-Way
Rules determining which aircraft has precedence to avoid collision.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Congested Area
City, town, or settlement; specific minimum altitude applies.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Minimum Safe Altitude
Lowest altitude permitted for flight, varies by area type.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Fuel Reserve
Minimum extra fuel required beyond destination for safety.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
8-Hour Rule
Prohibition from acting as crewmember within 8 hours of alcohol.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
14 CFR Part 91: General Operating and Flight Rules
PIC: P-reflight, I-n Command, C-heck everything!
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
14 CFR Part 91: General Operating and Flight Rules
On the exam, expect questions about the specific fuel reserve requirements for VFR day and night operations, and the 8-hour alcohol rule. Keywords to spot include 'minimum fuel' and 'within 8 hours.' Remember the helicopter exception for minimum safe altitudes.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
14 CFR Part 91: General Operating and Flight Rules
Forgetting the helicopter specific exception to minimum safe altitudes, which allows lower flight if safe and compliant with FAA routes.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
14 CFR Part 91: General Operating and Flight Rules
Confusing the 20-minute day VFR fuel reserve with the 30-minute night VFR fuel reserve.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
14 CFR Part 91: General Operating and Flight Rules
Underestimating the '8-hour bottle to throttle' rule, or thinking a lower BAC than 0.04% is always safe.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
CTAF
Common Traffic Advisory Frequency for non-towered airports.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
UNICOM
A private air-to-ground radio communication station for advisories.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
ATIS
Automated Terminal Information Service, provides airport info.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Runway Incursion
Any occurrence involving an incorrect presence on the runway.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Traffic Pattern
Standardized flight path for aircraft approaching or departing.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Hold Short Line
Marking indicating where aircraft must stop before a runway.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Rotor Wash
Downward air movement created by helicopter rotors.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Airport Operations, Communications, and ATC
Think 'CALL ME' for initial radio contact: Call sign, Aircraft type, Location, Message. Clear and concise!
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Airport Operations, Communications, and ATC
The FAA exam often tests knowledge of standard traffic pattern altitudes (1000 feet AGL for fixed-wing, 500 feet AGL for helicopters unless otherwise specified) and the correct radio phraseology for entering and exiting traffic patterns at non-towered airports.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Airport Operations, Communications, and ATC
Forgetting to make position reports at non-towered airports, leading to potential conflicts.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Airport Operations, Communications, and ATC
Incorrectly reading back ATC instructions, which can result in deviations from clearances.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Airport Operations, Communications, and ATC
Entering a traffic pattern at the wrong altitude or on the wrong leg, creating a hazard.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Airworthiness Certificate
Document proving aircraft meets design standards.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Registration Certificate
Document identifying aircraft owner and nationality.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Operating Limitations
Aircraft specific operational restrictions (POH/AFM).
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Annual Inspection
Required comprehensive inspection every 12 months.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
100-Hour Inspection
Required for aircraft for hire every 100 hours.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Airworthiness Directive (AD)
Mandatory FAA-issued correction for unsafe conditions.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Airworthy
Aircraft meets design and safe for flight condition.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Aircraft Documents, Inspections, and Maintenance
To remember the required documents, think of an 'ARROW' pointing to what you need: Airworthiness, Registration, Radio (if international), Operating Limitations, Weight & Balance.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Aircraft Documents, Inspections, and Maintenance
For the exam, remember the ARROW acronym for required documents and AAVIATE for inspections. Pay close attention to the timeframes (e.g., 12 calendar months, 24 calendar months) for inspections.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Aircraft Documents, Inspections, and Maintenance
Forgetting to check the expiration dates on documents or inspection records, especially the ELT battery.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Aircraft Documents, Inspections, and Maintenance
Assuming that because a mechanic signed off on an inspection, the aircraft is automatically airworthy for your specific flight without your own preflight and PIC determination.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Aircraft Documents, Inspections, and Maintenance
Not understanding that Airworthiness Directives (ADs) are mandatory and must be complied with, even if they are not part of a standard annual or 100-hour inspection.
Module 1: Regulations - The Rules of the Sky
Lift
Upward force opposing weight, generated by rotor blades.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Weight
Downward force due to gravity on the helicopter and its contents.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Thrust
Force propelling helicopter forward, backward, or sideways.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Drag
Aerodynamic force opposing helicopter's motion through air.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Airfoil
Shape designed to produce lift when moving through air.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Collective Pitch
Control changing angle of attack of all main rotor blades simultaneously.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Cyclic Pitch
Control changing angle of attack of individual rotor blades differentially.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Principles of Helicopter Flight: Lift, Drag, Thrust, Weight
To remember the four forces, think 'L-W-T-D': Lift, Weight, Thrust, Drag. Lift is Up, Weight is Down, Thrust is Forward, Drag is Back.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Principles of Helicopter Flight: Lift, Drag, Thrust, Weight
The FAA exam often tests your understanding of how the four forces interact in different flight regimes. Keywords to spot include 'hover,' 'climb,' 'descent,' and 'forward flight.' Remember that in unaccelerated flight, opposing forces are equal.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Principles of Helicopter Flight: Lift, Drag, Thrust, Weight
Confusing the role of collective and cyclic controls in generating lift and thrust. Collective primarily controls total lift (and thus vertical movement), while cyclic controls the direction of thrust (and thus horizontal movement).
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Principles of Helicopter Flight: Lift, Drag, Thrust, Weight
Forgetting that drag is always present and increases with airspeed, requiring more thrust to maintain speed.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Principles of Helicopter Flight: Lift, Drag, Thrust, Weight
Assuming lift always equals weight in all flight conditions; this is only true in unaccelerated level flight or a perfect hover.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Cyclic Control
Controls rotor disc tilt for directional flight.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Collective Control
Changes overall blade pitch for altitude control.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Anti-torque System
Counteracts main rotor torque for yaw control.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Rotor Disc
The circular area swept by the main rotor blades.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Cyclic Feathering
Varying blade pitch during rotation for directional control.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Correlator/Governor
System linking collective to engine power for constant RPM.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Tail Rotor
Common anti-torque system for yaw control.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Rotor Systems and Controls: Cyclic, Collective, Anti-Torque
Imagine a 'C' for Cyclic and 'C' for Car steering wheel – both control direction. 'C' for Collective and 'C' for Climb – both control up/down. 'P' for Pedals and 'P' for Pivot – both control turning around.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Rotor Systems and Controls: Cyclic, Collective, Anti-Torque
The exam often tests the primary function of each control. Remember: Cyclic = Direction, Collective = Altitude/Power, Pedals = Yaw/Anti-torque. Look for keywords like 'tilt of the rotor disc' for cyclic, 'pitch of all blades' for collective, and 'counteract torque' for anti-torque.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Rotor Systems and Controls: Cyclic, Collective, Anti-Torque
Confusing the function of the cyclic and collective controls. The cyclic tilts the rotor disc for horizontal movement, while the collective changes overall blade pitch for vertical movement.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Rotor Systems and Controls: Cyclic, Collective, Anti-Torque
Forgetting the anti-torque system's purpose. Without it, the helicopter would spin uncontrollably due to the main rotor's torque.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Rotor Systems and Controls: Cyclic, Collective, Anti-Torque
Not understanding that the collective also influences engine power, not just blade pitch, to maintain rotor RPM.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Turbine Engine
Engine using continuous combustion to drive a turbine.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Reciprocating Engine
Engine using pistons to convert fuel to mechanical energy.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Fuel Control Unit (FCU)
Meters fuel to a turbine engine based on demand.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Alternator/Generator
Primary source of electrical power in an aircraft.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Bus Bar
Electrical distribution point for aircraft systems.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Hydraulic System
Provides power assist for flight controls.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Actuator
Device that converts hydraulic pressure into mechanical force.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
POH/RFM
Pilot's Operating Handbook/Rotorcraft Flight Manual.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Helicopter Systems: Engine, Fuel, Electrical, Hydraulic
FUEL: F-ilter, U-nit (FCU), E-ngine, L-ines. This helps remember the fuel path.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Helicopter Systems: Engine, Fuel, Electrical, Hydraulic
The FAA exam often asks about the function of specific components like the Fuel Control Unit (FCU) in turbine engines or the purpose of the hydraulic system. Remember that the FCU meters fuel, and hydraulics assist control movement.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Helicopter Systems: Engine, Fuel, Electrical, Hydraulic
Confusing the function of the FCU with a carburetor; FCUs are for turbine engines, carburetors for reciprocating.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Helicopter Systems: Engine, Fuel, Electrical, Hydraulic
Underestimating the importance of monitoring system gauges; they are your first warning of a problem.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Helicopter Systems: Engine, Fuel, Electrical, Hydraulic
Believing a hydraulic failure means immediate loss of control; it makes it harder to fly, but usually still controllable.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Translational Lift
Increased rotor efficiency from forward movement.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Effective Translational Lift (ETL)
Minimum speed where rotor is fully in undisturbed air.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Ground Effect
Increased lift/reduced drag when near the ground.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
In-Ground Effect (IGE)
Operating within one rotor diameter of the surface.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Out-of-Ground Effect (OGE)
Operating above one rotor diameter from the surface.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Induced Drag
Drag created by the production of lift.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Translational Lift and Ground Effect
Ground Effect: Imagine a 'Ground Cushion' pushing you up. Translational Lift: 'Moving Forward' makes you more efficient.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Translational Lift and Ground Effect
The FAA exam often asks about the power requirements for IGE vs. OGE hover. Remember: OGE hover always requires more power than IGE hover. Keywords: 'effective translational lift' (ETL) speed, 'one rotor diameter' for ground effect range.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Translational Lift and Ground Effect
Underestimating the power required for an OGE hover, leading to an unexpected descent.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Translational Lift and Ground Effect
Not recognizing the onset of translational lift, causing over-control during acceleration.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Translational Lift and Ground Effect
Confusing the conditions under which translational lift and ground effect occur.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Autorotation
Rotor driven by upward airflow, not engine.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Retreating Blade Stall
Retreating blade exceeds critical angle of attack.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Dissymmetry of Lift
Unequal lift between advancing and retreating blades.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Flare
Maneuver to reduce airspeed and rate of descent.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Autorotation and Retreating Blade Stall
For Autorotation, think 'A-R-T': Airspeed, Rotor RPM, Touchdown. Keep these three in mind!
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Autorotation and Retreating Blade Stall
For autorotation, remember that the primary control for rotor RPM in a steady-state autorotation is the collective pitch. For retreating blade stall, keywords are 'high airspeed,' 'left roll,' and 'pitch up.'
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Autorotation and Retreating Blade Stall
Delaying collective reduction during engine failure, leading to rapid rotor RPM decay.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Autorotation and Retreating Blade Stall
Attempting to maintain high airspeed or collective pitch when experiencing retreating blade stall symptoms.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Autorotation and Retreating Blade Stall
Not understanding the difference between rotor RPM control in powered flight vs. autorotation.
Module 2: Helicopter Aerodynamics and Systems - How Helicopters Fly
Datum
An imaginary vertical plane from which all horizontal distances are measured.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Arm
Horizontal distance from the datum to the center of gravity of an item.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Moment
The product of weight multiplied by arm, representing turning force.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Basic Empty Weight
Weight of the helicopter including unusable fuel and full operating fluids.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Useful Load
Maximum takeoff weight minus basic empty weight; includes pilot, passengers, fuel, cargo.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Center of Gravity (CG)
The point where the aircraft would balance; Total Moment divided by Total Weight.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
CG Envelope
The approved range of CG locations for safe operation at various weights.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Weight and Balance: Calculations and Effects
Think 'WAM' for Weight, Arm, Moment. WAM is how you figure out where your helicopter's balance point (CG) is, and 'CG' is where the 'Center of Gravity' is!
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Weight and Balance: Calculations and Effects
On the exam, expect questions that require you to identify definitions of weight and balance terms (e.g., datum, arm, moment), or interpret a loading chart to determine if a helicopter is within limits. Memorize the formula: Weight × Arm = Moment, and Total Moment / Total Weight = CG.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Weight and Balance: Calculations and Effects
Guessing passenger weights instead of using actual or estimated standard weights, leading to inaccurate total weight and CG.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Weight and Balance: Calculations and Effects
Forgetting to account for fuel weight, especially when adding or removing fuel, as it significantly impacts total weight and CG.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Weight and Balance: Calculations and Effects
Not checking the calculated CG against the helicopter's specific CG envelope for the given weight, which can lead to operating outside limits even if the total weight is fine.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Performance Charts
Graphs/tables showing aircraft capabilities under various conditions.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Rotorcraft Flight Manual (RFM)
Official document containing all operating limitations and performance data.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Density Altitude
Pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Rate of Climb
The vertical speed at which an aircraft ascends.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Angle of Climb
The ratio of altitude gained to horizontal distance covered.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Hover In Ground Effect (HIGE)
Hovering close to the surface, benefiting from ground cushion.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Hover Out of Ground Effect (HOGE)
Hovering at an altitude where ground cushion effects are negligible.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Performance Charts: Takeoff, Climb, Cruise, Landing
P-C-R-L: Pilots Can Really Learn! (Performance, Climb, Range, Landing Charts)
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Performance Charts: Takeoff, Climb, Cruise, Landing
For the exam, be prepared to interpret various performance charts, especially those related to hover performance (HIGE/HOGE), takeoff distance, and rate of climb. Pay close attention to the units of measurement and how density altitude, gross weight, and temperature affect the outcomes. Keywords to spot: 'density altitude', 'gross weight', 'rate of climb', 'takeoff distance over 50-foot obstacle'.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Performance Charts: Takeoff, Climb, Cruise, Landing
Failing to account for density altitude: Many pilots forget to correct pressure altitude for temperature, leading to underestimation of performance degradation.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Performance Charts: Takeoff, Climb, Cruise, Landing
Ignoring wind components: Headwinds and tailwinds significantly impact takeoff and landing distances, but charts often require specific adjustments.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Performance Charts: Takeoff, Climb, Cruise, Landing
Overestimating helicopter capabilities: Assuming the helicopter will always perform as advertised without checking the specific conditions for the flight.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Pressure Altitude
Altitude indicated when altimeter is set to 29.92 in. Hg.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Standard Atmosphere
Sea level pressure 29.92 in. Hg, temperature 15°C.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Less Dense Air
Fewer air molecules, reduces lift and engine power.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
High Density Altitude
Atmospheric conditions causing reduced aircraft performance.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Outside Air Temperature (OAT)
Actual air temperature at current altitude.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Density Altitude and Its Impact on Performance
Think 'Hot, High, and Humid' for 'High Density Altitude' – all bad for performance!
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Density Altitude and Its Impact on Performance
The FAA exam often asks about the effects of high density altitude. Remember that 'hot, high, and humid' conditions lead to higher density altitude and reduced performance. Specifically, expect questions on reduced engine power, longer takeoff/landing, and slower climb rates.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Density Altitude and Its Impact on Performance
Confusing density altitude with true altitude or indicated altitude.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Density Altitude and Its Impact on Performance
Underestimating the impact of high temperatures on performance, especially at lower elevations.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Density Altitude and Its Impact on Performance
Forgetting that humidity also contributes to higher density altitude, although less significantly than temperature.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Vne
Never Exceed Speed; maximum airspeed allowed.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
RFM/POH
Rotorcraft Flight Manual/Pilot's Operating Handbook.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Operational Limitations
Boundaries for safe aircraft operation.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Mast Bumping
Rotor mast contact with helicopter fuselage.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
14 CFR Part 91
General operating and flight rules.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Operational Limitations and Emergency Procedures
For emergencies, remember 'ABC': **A**ircraft Control, **B**est Landing Spot, **C**hecklist.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Operational Limitations and Emergency Procedures
The FAA exam often tests your knowledge of where to find operational limitations and emergency procedures. Keywords to spot include 'RFM,' 'POH,' 'operating limitations,' and 'emergency checklist.' Remember that the RFM/POH is the authoritative source.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Operational Limitations and Emergency Procedures
Operating a helicopter without a current and accessible RFM/POH onboard.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Operational Limitations and Emergency Procedures
Attempting to troubleshoot a complex emergency without first maintaining aircraft control and consulting the RFM/POH.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Operational Limitations and Emergency Procedures
Assuming all helicopters have the same emergency procedures or operational limitations.
Module 3: Performance and Limitations - What Your Helicopter Can Do
Atmospheric Stability
Atmosphere's resistance to vertical air motion.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Lapse Rate
Rate at which temperature decreases with altitude.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Temperature Inversion
Temperature increases with increasing altitude.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Altimeter Setting
Local atmospheric pressure setting for altimeter calibration.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Isothermal
Constant temperature with increasing altitude.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Atmospheric Stability, Temperature, and Pressure
STP: Stable = Smooth, Temperature = Performance, Pressure = Altimeter. Remember these connections!
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Atmospheric Stability, Temperature, and Pressure
For the exam, memorize the rule: 'High to low, look out below; low to high, clear the sky.' This describes altimeter errors when flying between pressure systems without adjusting the altimeter setting. Also, know that high density altitude degrades performance.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Atmospheric Stability, Temperature, and Pressure
Forgetting to adjust the altimeter when flying between areas of different pressure.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Atmospheric Stability, Temperature, and Pressure
Underestimating the impact of high density altitude on helicopter performance, especially in hot and high conditions.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Atmospheric Stability, Temperature, and Pressure
Confusing stable air characteristics (smooth, stratiform clouds) with unstable air characteristics (turbulent, cumuliform clouds).
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
METAR
Aviation Routine Weather Report; current observed weather.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
TAF
Terminal Aerodrome Forecast; predicted airport weather for 24-30 hours.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Zulu Time
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), used in aviation.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Visibility
Distance one can see, reported in statute miles (SM).
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Sky Condition
Amount and height of cloud layers (FEW, SCT, BKN, OVC).
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
SIGMET
Significant Meteorological Information; severe weather warning.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
AIRMET
Airmen's Meteorological Information; hazardous weather for light aircraft.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Weather Reports (METAR, TAF) and Forecasts
METAR: 'M'easures 'E'very 'T'hing 'A't 'R'eal-time. TAF: 'T'ells 'A'bout 'F'uture.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Weather Reports (METAR, TAF) and Forecasts
The exam frequently asks to decode specific elements from a METAR or TAF. Memorize the order and common abbreviations for wind, visibility, sky condition, and present weather. For example, 'BKN008' means 'broken clouds at 800 feet AGL'.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Weather Reports (METAR, TAF) and Forecasts
Misinterpreting Zulu time, leading to incorrect timing for reports and forecasts.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Weather Reports (METAR, TAF) and Forecasts
Ignoring temporal indicators (TEMPO, BECMG) in TAFs, missing critical changes.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Weather Reports (METAR, TAF) and Forecasts
Not checking the validity period of a TAF or the issuance time of a METAR.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Weather Reports (METAR, TAF) and Forecasts
Confusing statute miles for visibility with nautical miles.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Thunderstorm
Severe localized storm with lightning, thunder, and strong winds.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Structural Icing
Formation of ice on aircraft surfaces from supercooled water droplets.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Rime Ice
Rough, opaque ice, forms quickly at colder temperatures.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Clear Ice
Smooth, transparent ice, dangerous, forms slowly at warmer temperatures.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Fog
Cloud at or near the ground, reducing visibility to less than 5/8 SM.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Radiation Fog
Forms on clear, calm nights as ground cools air above it.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Advection Fog
Forms when warm, moist air moves over a cooler surface.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Supercooled Water
Liquid water existing at temperatures below 0°C.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Hazardous Weather: Thunderstorms, Icing, Fog
To remember the ingredients for a thunderstorm: 'MIL' - Moisture, Instability, Lifting action.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Hazardous Weather: Thunderstorms, Icing, Fog
For the exam, remember that the most hazardous stage of a thunderstorm is the mature stage. Also, know that clear ice is generally considered the most dangerous type of structural icing due to its difficulty in detection and ability to significantly alter airfoil shape.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Hazardous Weather: Thunderstorms, Icing, Fog
Underestimating the distance required to avoid thunderstorms; 20 NM is a minimum, not a target.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Hazardous Weather: Thunderstorms, Icing, Fog
Assuming that 'light' icing is not a significant hazard; any structural icing is dangerous.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Hazardous Weather: Thunderstorms, Icing, Fog
Attempting to fly VFR into fog; visibility can rapidly drop to zero, leading to spatial disorientation.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
FSS
Flight Service Station; provides weather briefings.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
1-800-WX-BRIEF
Phone number for official FSS briefings.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
AWC
Aviation Weather Center; source for graphical products.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
FIS-B
Flight Information Service-Broadcast via ADS-B In.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
AWOS/ASOS
Automated weather observing systems at airports.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Graphical Products
Visual weather charts (e.g., radar, prog).
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Aviation Weather Services and Resources
FSS is your 'First Stop for Safety' when it comes to weather briefings!
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Aviation Weather Services and Resources
The exam often asks about the types of briefings and their purpose. Remember: Standard for full info, Abbreviated for updates, Outlook for future flights (6+ hours out). Also, know that 1-800-WX-BRIEF is the direct line to FSS for pilot weather briefings.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Aviation Weather Services and Resources
Relying solely on general weather apps or TV forecasts for aviation decisions.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Aviation Weather Services and Resources
Not obtaining a full Standard briefing for every new flight.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
Aviation Weather Services and Resources
Failing to monitor weather updates during flight, assuming conditions won't change.
Module 4: Weather - Understanding the Atmosphere
VFR Sectional Chart
Primary chart for VFR navigation, 1:500,000 scale.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Terminal Area Chart (TAC)
Detailed chart for major terminal areas, 1:250,000 scale.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Scale
Ratio representing distance on chart vs. real world.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Isogonic Line
Dashed magenta line showing magnetic variation.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Magnetic Variation
Angle between true north and magnetic north.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Mean Sea Level (MSL)
Altitude referenced to average sea level.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Above Ground Level (AGL)
Altitude referenced to the terrain directly below.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Chart Legend
Explains all symbols and colors used on a chart.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Aeronautical Charts: Sectionals and TACs
Think 'S' for Sectional and 'S' for 'Standard' (1:500,000). Think 'T' for TAC and 'T' for 'Twice' the detail (1:250,000).
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Aeronautical Charts: Sectionals and TACs
The FAA exam often asks about chart scales. Remember: Sectionals are 1:500,000 and TACs are 1:250,000. TACs provide more detail because their scale is larger (the denominator is smaller).
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Aeronautical Charts: Sectionals and TACs
Using an outdated chart: Airspace, obstacles, and frequencies change. Always check the revision date.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Aeronautical Charts: Sectionals and TACs
Not consulting the chart legend: Many symbols look similar but have critical differences in meaning.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Aeronautical Charts: Sectionals and TACs
Confusing MSL and AGL for obstacle heights: Always know which reference is being used for safety.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Pilotage
Navigation by visual reference to landmarks.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Dead Reckoning
Navigation by calculating position based on speed, time, and direction.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
VOR
VHF Omnidirectional Range; ground-based radio navigation aid.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Radial
A magnetic bearing extending outward from a VOR station.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
CDI
Course Deviation Indicator; shows aircraft's position relative to selected course.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
OBS
Omni Bearing Selector; knob to select desired VOR course.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Estimated Time En Route (ETE)
Calculated time to travel between two points.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Navigation Techniques: Pilotage, Dead Reckoning, VOR
To remember the VOR components, think: 'OBS Clicks TO/FROM the NAV Flag!' (OBS knob, CDI, TO/FROM indicator, NAV warning flag).
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Navigation Techniques: Pilotage, Dead Reckoning, VOR
For the exam, know that VORs provide magnetic bearing information. If the CDI is centered with a 'TO' indication, you are on the selected radial, flying toward the station. If it's 'FROM', you are on the selected radial, flying away.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Navigation Techniques: Pilotage, Dead Reckoning, VOR
Over-relying on a single navigation method, especially pilotage in deteriorating weather.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Navigation Techniques: Pilotage, Dead Reckoning, VOR
Failing to account for wind when using dead reckoning, leading to significant off-course errors.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Navigation Techniques: Pilotage, Dead Reckoning, VOR
Misinterpreting VOR TO/FROM indications or selecting the wrong radial, causing confusion about position relative to the station.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Controlled Airspace
Airspace where ATC provides services (A, B, C, D, E).
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Uncontrolled Airspace
Airspace where ATC does not control VFR traffic (Class G).
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
VFR Minimums
Minimum visibility and cloud clearance for VFR flight.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Transponder
Electronic device that transmits aircraft position and altitude.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
MSL
Mean Sea Level; altitude referenced to sea level.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
AGL
Above Ground Level; altitude referenced to the ground.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Special Use Airspace
Areas with restrictions for specific activities (e.g., P, R, MOA).
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Airspace Classifications and Operating Requirements
Remember 'C-D-E-G' for controlled airspace requirements: C (Communicate), D (Don't enter without talking), E (Everyone else), G (Go for it, but be safe!)
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Airspace Classifications and Operating Requirements
On the exam, pay close attention to the specific altitude (MSL vs. AGL) and time of day (day vs. night) when answering questions about VFR weather minimums, especially for Class G and Class E airspace. Keywords like 'below 10,000 feet MSL' or 'at or above 10,000 feet MSL' are critical.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Airspace Classifications and Operating Requirements
Forgetting to establish two-way radio communication before entering Class C or D airspace.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Airspace Classifications and Operating Requirements
Misinterpreting weather minimums, especially the difference between MSL and AGL altitudes.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Airspace Classifications and Operating Requirements
Assuming all Class E airspace has the same VFR weather minimums regardless of altitude.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
NOTAM
Notice to Airmen, providing time-critical flight information.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Weight and Balance
Distribution of weight affecting aircraft stability and performance.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Alternate Airport
An airport designated for landing if the primary is unavailable.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Usable Fuel
Fuel available for flight; excludes unusable fuel.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Fuel Consumption Rate
How much fuel an engine uses per hour (e.g., GPH).
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Flight Planning and Fuel Management
For VFR fuel reserves, remember '20 for Day, 30 for Night' – like remembering how many minutes to add to your flight time.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Flight Planning and Fuel Management
The FAA knowledge test often asks about specific fuel reserve requirements (20 minutes day VFR, 30 minutes night VFR) and the impact of weight and balance on helicopter performance. Keywords to spot include 'minimum fuel,' 'day VFR,' 'night VFR,' 'overloaded,' and 'center of gravity.'
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Flight Planning and Fuel Management
Underestimating fuel burn for helicopter-specific operations like extended hovering or high-density altitude takeoffs.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Flight Planning and Fuel Management
Neglecting to check NOTAMs, leading to unexpected airport closures or temporary flight restrictions.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Flight Planning and Fuel Management
Failing to perform a thorough weight and balance calculation, especially when carrying passengers or cargo.
Module 5: Navigation and Airspace - Finding Your Way
Hypoxia
Oxygen deficiency in the body, impairing function.
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command
Spatial Disorientation
Lack of awareness of position, attitude, and motion.
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command
Vertigo
Aviation term for spatial disorientation, often involving spinning sensation.
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command
Fatigue
Weariness from exertion, sleep loss, or stress.
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command
Cyanosis
Bluish discoloration of skin due to lack of oxygen.
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command
Somatogravic Illusion
Illusion of pitching up/down during acceleration/deceleration.
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command
The Leans
Illusion of banking when returning to level flight after a prolonged turn.
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command
Physiological Factors: Hypoxia, Vertigo, Fatigue
For Hypoxia symptoms, think 'HE's DVC!' — Headache, Euphoria, Dizziness, Visual impairment, Cyanosis.
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command
Physiological Factors: Hypoxia, Vertigo, Fatigue
For hypoxia, remember the FAA regulation: supplemental oxygen required for pilots above 12,500 feet MSL continuously, or above 10,000 feet MSL for more than 30 minutes. Passengers require oxygen above 15,000 feet MSL.
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command
Physiological Factors: Hypoxia, Vertigo, Fatigue
Ignoring subtle symptoms of hypoxia, attributing them to other causes like stress or hunger.
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command
Physiological Factors: Hypoxia, Vertigo, Fatigue
Trying to 'fight' spatial disorientation by relying on unreliable body sensations instead of trusting instruments.
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command
Physiological Factors: Hypoxia, Vertigo, Fatigue
Pushing through fatigue and flying when not adequately rested, underestimating its impact on performance.
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command
ADM
Systematic process for making safe flight decisions.
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command
DECIDE Model
Six-step framework for aeronautical decision making.
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command
Risk Management
Identifying, assessing, and mitigating flight hazards.
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command
Hazard
A condition, event, or circumstance that could lead to an accident.
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command
Risk
The probability and severity of a potential accident.
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command
Mitigation
Actions taken to reduce the severity or probability of risk.
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command
PAVE Checklist
Risk assessment tool: Pilot, Aircraft, enVironment, External pressures.
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command
Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) and Risk Management
To remember DECIDE: 'Detect Every Crazy Idea, Do Evaluate!'
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command
Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) and Risk Management
The FAA exam often presents scenarios where you need to apply the DECIDE model or identify elements of the PAVE checklist. Memorize the steps of DECIDE and the components of PAVE. Keywords like 'systematic approach' or 'mitigate risk' point to ADM/Risk Management.
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command
Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) and Risk Management
Failing to recognize a problem or change in the situation early enough.
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command
Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) and Risk Management
Making impulsive decisions without considering all available information or alternatives.
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command
Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) and Risk Management
Underestimating personal limitations or external pressures (e.g., get-there-itis) when assessing risk.
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command
Stress
Physiological/psychological response to demands.
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command
Stressor
Any factor causing stress.
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command
Crew Resource Management (CRM)
Effective use of all available resources for safety.
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command
Single-Pilot CRM
Applying CRM principles to individual pilot operations.
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command
Situational Awareness
Accurate perception of current flight conditions.
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command
External Pressures
Influences from outside the cockpit affecting decisions.
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command
Stress Management and Crew Resource Management
To remember the PAVE checklist, think: 'Pilots Always View Everything Extensively.'
Module 6: Human Factors - The Pilot in Command