ACS
Airman Certification Standards; FAA's guide for practical tests.
Getting Started: Understanding the FII Exam
Free knowledge base
FAA Instrument Flight Instructor (FII) — key terms, tricks & tips
Everything from the course in one searchable place: 289 entries. Use it to review before a practice test or look up a word you forgot.
289 results
Area of Operation
Major section of the ACS, grouping related tasks.
Getting Started: Understanding the FII Exam
Task
Specific maneuver or procedure within an Area of Operation.
Getting Started: Understanding the FII Exam
Knowledge Element
What an applicant must know about a task.
Getting Started: Understanding the FII Exam
Risk Management Element
Hazards and mitigation strategies for a task.
Getting Started: Understanding the FII Exam
Skill Element
Physical performance requirements for a task.
Getting Started: Understanding the FII Exam
DPE
Designated Pilot Examiner, conducts practical tests.
Getting Started: Understanding the FII Exam
FII ACS: Structure and Expectations
KRS: 'Knowledge, Risk, Skill' – Remember these three core elements of every ACS Task. Think 'Know, Recognize, Show.'
Getting Started: Understanding the FII Exam
FII ACS: Structure and Expectations
On the FII exam, expect questions that test your understanding of how the ACS integrates knowledge, risk management, and skill. Look for keywords like 'elements of an ACS task' or 'purpose of the ACS'. Remember, the ACS is the standard for both instruction and evaluation.
Getting Started: Understanding the FII Exam
FII ACS: Structure and Expectations
Focusing only on performing maneuvers without explaining the underlying knowledge or risk management.
Getting Started: Understanding the FII Exam
FII ACS: Structure and Expectations
Not referencing the specific ACS task elements (Knowledge, Risk Management, Skill) during instruction.
Getting Started: Understanding the FII Exam
FII ACS: Structure and Expectations
Treating the FII checkride as just another pilot checkride, rather than an instructor evaluation.
Getting Started: Understanding the FII Exam
FII ACS: Structure and Expectations
Failing to understand that the ACS is dynamic and can be updated; always use the current version.
Getting Started: Understanding the FII Exam
14 CFR Part 61
Pilot and instructor certification requirements.
Getting Started: Understanding the FII Exam
14 CFR Part 91
General operating and flight rules.
Getting Started: Understanding the FII Exam
AIM
Aeronautical Information Manual; ATC procedures and flight info.
Getting Started: Understanding the FII Exam
IFH
Instrument Flying Handbook; fundamentals of instrument flight.
Getting Started: Understanding the FII Exam
IPH
Instrument Procedures Handbook; detailed IFR procedures.
Getting Started: Understanding the FII Exam
Advisory Circular (AC)
Non-regulatory guidance on specific aviation topics.
Getting Started: Understanding the FII Exam
Navigating FAA Regulations & Handbooks
To remember the main documents: 'CFRs are the Core Rules, AIM is About Info, Handbooks Help How-to.'
Getting Started: Understanding the FII Exam
Navigating FAA Regulations & Handbooks
For the FII exam, be prepared to identify which specific 14 CFR Part or section governs a given scenario (e.g., currency, equipment, weather minimums). Keywords like 'certification,' 'operating rules,' or 'procedures' often point to the correct document. Memorize the primary purpose of Part 61, Part 91, and the AIM.
Getting Started: Understanding the FII Exam
Navigating FAA Regulations & Handbooks
Confusing regulatory documents (CFRs) with guidance documents (Handbooks, AIM). Only CFRs are legally binding.
Getting Started: Understanding the FII Exam
Navigating FAA Regulations & Handbooks
Not knowing where to find specific information within the documents, leading to incorrect answers or unsafe decisions.
Getting Started: Understanding the FII Exam
Navigating FAA Regulations & Handbooks
Relying solely on memory for complex rules instead of knowing how to look them up efficiently.
Getting Started: Understanding the FII Exam
Pilot in Command (PIC)
Final authority and responsible for aircraft operation.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
IFR Fuel Requirements
Destination + alternate + 45 min reserve.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Alternate Airport
Required if destination weather is below specific minimums.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
IFR Cruising Altitudes
Odd thousands for easterly, even for westerly courses.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
ATC Clearance
Instructions from Air Traffic Control for flight.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Deviation
Departing from an ATC clearance or regulation.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
14 CFR Part 61 & 91: Instrument Flight Rules
Odd East, Even West: For IFR altitudes, if your magnetic course is ODD (0-179, East), fly an ODD altitude. If your course is EVEN (180-359, West), fly an EVEN altitude.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
14 CFR Part 61 & 91: Instrument Flight Rules
For the FII exam, memorize the exact weather minimums for requiring an alternate airport (2000' ceiling, 3 SM visibility) and the IFR fuel reserve (45 minutes at normal cruising speed). Also, know the specific alternate airport weather minimums (e.g., 600-2 for precision, 800-2 for non-precision).
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
14 CFR Part 61 & 91: Instrument Flight Rules
Forgetting to calculate fuel for the alternate airport AND the 45-minute reserve.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
14 CFR Part 61 & 91: Instrument Flight Rules
Incorrectly applying IFR cruising altitudes based on true course instead of magnetic course.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
14 CFR Part 61 & 91: Instrument Flight Rules
Failing to recognize when an alternate airport is required based on destination weather forecasts.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
14 CFR 91.205(d)
Regulation listing additional equipment for IFR flight.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
GRABCARD
Mnemonic for required IFR instruments.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
14 CFR 91.411
Regulation for altimeter and static system checks.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
14 CFR 91.413
Regulation for transponder inspection requirements.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
14 CFR 91.171
Regulation for VOR equipment checks.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Minimum Equipment List (MEL)
Approved list detailing equipment that may be inoperative.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Placarding
Labeling an inoperative item as 'inoperative'.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Aircraft Requirements & Equipment for IFR
GRABCARD: **G**enerator/alternator, **R**adios, **A**ttitude indicator, **B**all, **C**lock, **A**ltimeter, **R**ate-of-turn, **D**irectional gyro.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Aircraft Requirements & Equipment for IFR
For the FII exam, memorize the 'GRABCARD' mnemonic and the specific intervals for each IFR inspection (e.g., 24 calendar months for altimeter/static, 30 days for VOR). Questions often test these exact numbers.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Aircraft Requirements & Equipment for IFR
Assuming VFR night equipment is sufficient for IFR flight.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Aircraft Requirements & Equipment for IFR
Forgetting to check the VOR within 30 days if using it for IFR navigation.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Aircraft Requirements & Equipment for IFR
Misinterpreting 91.213 and flying with inoperative IFR equipment without an MEL or proper deferral.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Instrument Rating
FAA rating allowing flight under Instrument Flight Rules.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Instrument Current
Meeting recency requirements for IFR flight (6 HITS).
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
6 HITS
6 approaches, holding, intercepting/tracking in 6 months.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Grace Period
6 months after currency lapses to regain 6 HITS.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Instrument Proficiency Check (IPC)
Required check if not current for over 12 months.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Safety Pilot
Required for simulated IFR with view-limiting device.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Simulated Instrument Conditions
Flight where external visibility is intentionally restricted.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Pilot Qualifications & Currency for IFR
Remember '6 HITS in 6 months' for currency, and '12 months, you're out!' for when an IPC is needed.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Pilot Qualifications & Currency for IFR
For the FII exam, memorize the exact timeframes: 6 calendar months for currency, 6 calendar month grace period, and >12 calendar months for an IPC. Pay attention to 'preceding' and 'calendar' months.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Pilot Qualifications & Currency for IFR
Confusing the initial instrument rating requirements with ongoing currency requirements.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Pilot Qualifications & Currency for IFR
Forgetting that during the 6-month grace period, a pilot is NOT current and cannot fly IFR solo.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Pilot Qualifications & Currency for IFR
Incorrectly identifying the safety pilot requirements for simulated instrument flight.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
IFR Flight Plan
Document filed with ATC for instrument flight.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Clearance Delivery
ATC position issuing IFR clearances at airports.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
CRAFT
Acronym for Clearance Limit, Route, Altitude, Freq, Transponder.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Clearance Limit
The furthest point cleared to by ATC.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Readback
Repeating ATC instructions to confirm understanding.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
SID
Standard Instrument Departure; pre-planned IFR departure route.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
STAR
Standard Terminal Arrival Route; pre-planned IFR arrival route.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Pilot Deviation
Failure to comply with ATC instructions or regulations.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
IFR Flight Planning & Clearance Procedures
To remember the IFR clearance elements, think: 'CRAFT an awesome flight!'
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
IFR Flight Planning & Clearance Procedures
For the FII exam, memorize the exact information required for an IFR flight plan as per 14 CFR Part 91.153 and the AIM 5-1-8. Keywords to spot include 'required information' or 'elements of an IFR flight plan.'
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
IFR Flight Planning & Clearance Procedures
Failing to file an IFR flight plan at least 30 minutes prior to departure, potentially delaying your flight.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
IFR Flight Planning & Clearance Procedures
Not copying the entire IFR clearance verbatim, leading to confusion or non-compliance during flight.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
IFR Flight Planning & Clearance Procedures
Departing without a clear understanding of the assigned route or altitude, which can result in a pilot deviation.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Lost Communications
Inability to transmit or receive radio messages.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
AVEF
Acronym for lost comms route: Assigned, Vectored, Expected, Filed.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
MEA
Acronym for lost comms altitude: MEA, Expected, Assigned (highest).
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
PIC Authority
Pilot in Command can deviate from rules in an emergency.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Squawk 7700
Transponder code for general emergency.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Squawk 7600
Transponder code for lost communications.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Squawk 7500
Transponder code for unlawful interference (hijack).
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
121.5 MHz
International distress frequency.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Lost Communications & Emergency Procedures
For lost comms route, think '**A**lways **V**ery **E**asy **F**light'. For altitude, think '**M**y **E**ngine **A**lways' (highest of MEA, Expected, Assigned).
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Lost Communications & Emergency Procedures
Memorize the AVEF and MEA acronyms for lost communications. The FAA frequently tests the order of precedence for both route and altitude. Also, know the 48-hour reporting requirement for emergency deviations.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Lost Communications & Emergency Procedures
Forgetting to troubleshoot radio equipment before assuming a complete loss of communication.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Lost Communications & Emergency Procedures
Not knowing the correct order of precedence for lost communication routes (AVEF) or altitudes (MEA).
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
Lost Communications & Emergency Procedures
Failing to squawk the appropriate transponder code for the specific emergency situation.
Instrument Regulations for CFIIs
ODP
Obstacle Departure Procedure, provides obstacle clearance.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
MOCA
Minimum Obstacle Clearance Altitude, guarantees obstacle clearance.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Climb Gradient
Rate of climb in feet per nautical mile.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Radar Vectors
ATC-issued headings for navigation.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Departure, En Route & Arrival Procedures
For lost communication altitude, remember 'MEA': **M**inimum en route, **E**xpected, **A**ssigned (highest of the three).
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Departure, En Route & Arrival Procedures
For the FII exam, be prepared to differentiate between ODPs and SIDs, specifically their primary purpose (obstacle clearance vs. ATC efficiency). Also, memorize the lost communication procedures for both route and altitude.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Departure, En Route & Arrival Procedures
Confusing the primary purpose of ODPs (obstacle clearance) with SIDs (ATC efficiency).
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Departure, En Route & Arrival Procedures
Failing to understand the 'highest of' rule for lost communication altitudes.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Departure, En Route & Arrival Procedures
Not adhering to published climb gradients on departure, especially in IMC.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Localizer
Provides lateral guidance for an ILS approach.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Glideslope
Provides vertical guidance for an ILS approach.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Decision Height (DH)
Lowest altitude on a precision approach where a missed approach must be initiated.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Precision Approach Radar (PAR)
Ground-based radar providing verbal guidance for approach.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Marker Beacons
Radio transmitters providing range information on an ILS.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Runway Visual Range (RVR)
Horizontal distance a pilot can see down the runway.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Category I/II/III ILS
Classifications of ILS approaches based on visibility and DH minimums.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Precision Approaches (ILS, PAR) & Instruction
To remember ILS components and their function: 'L-G-M' for Localizer (Lateral), Glideslope (Glide path), Markers (Miles/distance).
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Precision Approaches (ILS, PAR) & Instruction
For the FII exam, memorize the components of an ILS (localizer, glideslope, marker beacons/DME) and the difference between Decision Height (DH) for precision approaches and Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA) for non-precision approaches. Keywords: 'precision approach,' 'DH,' 'glideslope.'
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Precision Approaches (ILS, PAR) & Instruction
Fixating on one instrument instead of maintaining a proper cross-check.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Precision Approaches (ILS, PAR) & Instruction
Delaying a missed approach at Decision Height (DH) when visual references are not acquired.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Precision Approaches (ILS, PAR) & Instruction
Overcontrolling or making large, abrupt control inputs on final approach.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Non-Precision Approach (NPA)
Approach with lateral guidance but no vertical guidance.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA)
Lowest altitude to which descent is authorized on NPA.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Missed Approach Point (MAP)
Point where missed approach must be initiated if runway not in sight.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Constant Descent Angle (CDA)
Technique for a continuous descent from FAF to MDA.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
LNAV
Lateral Navigation; GPS approach type with lateral guidance to MDA.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
LNAV/VNAV
Lateral/Vertical Navigation; GPS approach with advisory vertical guidance to DA.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
LP
Localizer Performance; WAAS GPS approach with localizer-like precision to MDA.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Baro-VNAV
Vertical navigation based on barometric altitude information.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Non-Precision Approaches (VOR, NDB, RNAV)
To remember the 'Five T's' at each fix: 'Turn, Time, Twist, Throttle, Talk' – imagine a pilot frantically trying to do all five at once!
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Non-Precision Approaches (VOR, NDB, RNAV)
The FII exam frequently tests the differences between LNAV, LNAV/VNAV, and LP minimums and the equipment required for each. Remember LNAV/VNAV uses a DA and provides advisory vertical guidance, while LNAV and LP use an MDA and provide only lateral guidance. LP approaches require WAAS.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Non-Precision Approaches (VOR, NDB, RNAV)
Failing to calculate and maintain a constant descent rate, leading to 'dive and drive' or unstable approaches.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Non-Precision Approaches (VOR, NDB, RNAV)
Not identifying the Missed Approach Point (MAP) and delaying the missed approach procedure.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Non-Precision Approaches (VOR, NDB, RNAV)
Incorrectly setting up GPS for RNAV approaches, leading to wrong minimums or guidance type.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Holding Fix
A specified geographical location where a holding pattern begins.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
EFC Time
Expected Further Clearance time, when ATC expects to issue new instructions.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Standard Hold
Right turns, 1-minute legs (or specified distance).
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
MAP
Missed Approach Point, where the missed approach must be initiated.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
DA
Decision Altitude, for precision approaches, where a missed approach is initiated.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
MDA
Minimum Descent Altitude, for non-precision approaches, lowest altitude before MAP.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Protected Side
The side of the holding course where terrain/obstacles are cleared.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
5 Cs (Missed App)
Cram, Climb, Clean, Cool, Communicate - steps for a missed approach.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Holding Procedures & Missed Approaches
For missed approach actions, remember 'GUMPS' with a twist: 'G' for Go-around power, 'U' for Up (gear), 'M' for Missed approach climb, 'P' for Positive rate, 'S' for Speak to ATC.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Holding Procedures & Missed Approaches
On the FII exam, expect questions about determining the correct holding entry procedure based on your aircraft's position relative to the holding fix and course. Memorize the sectors for direct, teardrop, and parallel entries. Also, know the immediate actions required at the MAP/DA for a missed approach.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Holding Procedures & Missed Approaches
Incorrectly determining the holding entry procedure, leading to an unprotected entry.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Holding Procedures & Missed Approaches
Failing to account for wind correction in the holding pattern, causing drift from the protected airspace.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Holding Procedures & Missed Approaches
Delaying the initiation of the missed approach at the MAP/DA, or failing to inform ATC promptly.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Special Use Airspace (SUA)
Airspace with limitations on aircraft operations due to specific activities.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Prohibited Area
Airspace where flight is forbidden for national security reasons.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Restricted Area
Airspace with invisible hazards; requires ATC clearance for IFR entry.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Warning Area
Over international waters; similar to Restricted Areas, but no clearance required.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Military Operations Area (MOA)
Airspace for military training; IFR traffic separated by ATC.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Alert Area
High volume of pilot training; caution advised for all pilots.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Controlled Firing Area (CFA)
Activity suspended when nonparticipating aircraft approaches.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Special Use Airspace & IFR Operations
P-R-W-M-A-C: 'Pilots Really Want My Awesome Clearance!' (Prohibited, Restricted, Warning, MOA, Alert, CFA)
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Special Use Airspace & IFR Operations
For the FII exam, memorize the characteristics of each SUA type, especially which ones require ATC clearance (Restricted) and which ones pilots are just advised to avoid or exercise caution (Warning, MOA, Alert). Keywords: 'clearance required' vs. 'caution advised'.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Special Use Airspace & IFR Operations
Assuming a Restricted Area is inactive without confirming with ATC or reviewing the A/FD.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Special Use Airspace & IFR Operations
Entering a Prohibited Area under any circumstances without explicit, rare authorization.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
Special Use Airspace & IFR Operations
Not checking aeronautical charts and the A/FD for SUA along your planned IFR route during pre-flight planning.
IFR Procedures & Approach Instruction
METAR
Aviation Routine Weather Report; hourly observation of surface weather.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
TAF
Terminal Aerodrome Forecast; a forecast for a specific airport.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
PIREP
Pilot Report; an actual weather condition encountered by a pilot.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
FA
Area Forecast; a forecast for a larger geographical region.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Graphical Product
Visual representation of weather data (e.g., charts, radar).
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
FSS
Flight Service Station; provides preflight weather briefings.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
TEMPO
Temporary conditions expected for less than an hour at a time.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Aviation Weather Services & Products
METAR is 'M' for 'Measured' (current conditions). TAF is 'T' for 'Time' (future forecast). PIREP is 'P' for 'Pilot' (what pilots see).
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Aviation Weather Services & Products
On the FII exam, be prepared to decode full METAR and TAF reports, including all modifiers and remarks. Pay close attention to visibility, sky condition, and any 'PROB' or 'TEMPO' groups in TAFs.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Aviation Weather Services & Products
Relying solely on one weather product (e.g., only checking the TAF and ignoring METARs or PIREPs).
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Aviation Weather Services & Products
Not understanding the difference between a 'PROB' (probability) and 'TEMPO' (temporary) group in a TAF.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Aviation Weather Services & Products
Failing to check for NOTAMs related to weather reporting equipment outages or limitations.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Thunderstorm
Severe weather with lightning, turbulence, and strong winds.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Structural Icing
Ice accumulation on aircraft surfaces, degrading performance.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Clear Air Turbulence (CAT)
Turbulence without visual cues, often near jet streams.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Microburst
Localized column of sinking air with damaging outward winds.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Wind Shear
Sudden change in wind speed/direction over short distance.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Rime Ice
Opaque, rough ice formed by small supercooled water droplets.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Clear Ice
Transparent, smooth ice formed by large supercooled droplets.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Hazardous Weather Phenomena & Avoidance
ICE: I - Identify the hazard, C - Choose an avoidance strategy, E - Execute the plan. (For hazardous weather avoidance)
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Hazardous Weather Phenomena & Avoidance
For the FII exam, be prepared to differentiate between the stages of a thunderstorm and the associated hazards. Keywords to spot: 'updrafts only' (cumulus), 'updrafts and downdrafts' (mature), 'downdrafts only' (dissipating).
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Hazardous Weather Phenomena & Avoidance
Attempting to fly through a thunderstorm to save time.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Hazardous Weather Phenomena & Avoidance
Ignoring PIREPs or ATC advisories about hazardous weather.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Hazardous Weather Phenomena & Avoidance
Not activating anti-ice/de-ice systems promptly when icing is encountered.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Troposphere
Lowest atmospheric layer, where almost all weather occurs.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Lapse Rate
Rate at which temperature decreases with increasing altitude.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Stable Air
Resists vertical motion; smooth air, stratiform clouds.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Unstable Air
Promotes vertical motion; turbulent air, cumuliform clouds.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Dew Point
Temperature at which air becomes saturated and condensation begins.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Air Mass
Large body of air with uniform temperature/moisture.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Front
Boundary between two different air masses.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Coriolis Effect
Deflection of moving objects (like wind) due to Earth's rotation.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Weather Theory & IFR Flight Planning Basics
STABLE air = STRATIFORM clouds, STEADY precipitation, SMOOTH air. UNSTABLE air = UPWARD motion, UGLY (cumuliform) clouds, SHOWERY precipitation.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Weather Theory & IFR Flight Planning Basics
For the FII exam, be ready to differentiate between stable and unstable air characteristics and their associated weather phenomena. Keywords like 'stratiform' and 'cumuliform' are key indicators. Memorize the general weather associated with warm vs. cold fronts.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Weather Theory & IFR Flight Planning Basics
Underestimating the impact of a fast-moving cold front, leading to unexpected severe weather.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Weather Theory & IFR Flight Planning Basics
Failing to check winds aloft forecasts, which can significantly affect fuel burn and estimated time en route.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Weather Theory & IFR Flight Planning Basics
Not considering the possibility of freezing rain when temperatures aloft are above freezing but surface temperatures are below.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Personal Minimums
Self-imposed operating limits, more conservative than regulations.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Get-There-Itis
Cognitive bias to reach destination despite adverse conditions.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Scud Running
Flying below clouds with poor visibility, hoping for improvement.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Plan Continuation Error
Sticking to original plan despite new, contradictory information.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Go/No-Go Decision
The final determination to proceed or not proceed with a flight.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
PAVE Checklist
Risk assessment tool: Pilot, Aircraft, enVironment, External pressures.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
3P Model
Decision-making model: Perceive, Process, Perform.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Teaching Weather Decision Making
To make a good IFR weather decision, remember the 5 P's: Plan, Pilot, Plane, Passengers, and Ponder (the weather).
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Teaching Weather Decision Making
On the FII exam, be prepared to identify factors influencing a go/no-go decision, particularly those related to personal minimums and cognitive biases. Keywords to spot include 'personal minimums,' 'risk assessment,' and 'human factors.'
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Teaching Weather Decision Making
Over-reliance on automated weather briefings without cross-referencing multiple sources or considering their limitations.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Teaching Weather Decision Making
Ignoring personal minimums due to external pressures or 'get-there-itis,' leading to unsafe operations.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Teaching Weather Decision Making
Failing to develop an alternate plan or diversion strategy when weather conditions are marginal or uncertain.
Weather for Instrument Flight Instruction
Pitot Tube
Measures ram air pressure for airspeed.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Static Port
Measures ambient atmospheric pressure.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Rigidity in Space
Gyro principle: rotor remains fixed in space.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Precession
Gyro principle: force felt 90° in direction of rotation.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Attitude Indicator
Displays aircraft pitch and bank attitude.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Heading Indicator
Provides stable directional reference.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Turn Coordinator
Indicates rate of turn and quality of turn.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Vacuum System
Powers gyros using engine-driven pump.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Pitot-Static & Gyroscopic Instruments
P-A-V for Pitot-Static: Pitot (Airspeed), Altimeter (Static), VSI (Static). Remember 'G-A-H-T' for Gyros: Attitude, Heading, Turn.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Pitot-Static & Gyroscopic Instruments
On the FII exam, be prepared to describe the effects of various pitot-static blockages (e.g., pitot tube blocked, static port blocked, both pitot and drain hole blocked) on each instrument. Also, know which instruments are typically vacuum-powered versus electrically powered.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Pitot-Static & Gyroscopic Instruments
Confusing the effects of a pitot tube blockage with a static port blockage.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Pitot-Static & Gyroscopic Instruments
Forgetting that the heading indicator must be periodically reset due to precession.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Pitot-Static & Gyroscopic Instruments
Not knowing which instruments are powered by the vacuum system versus the electrical system, especially for partial panel operations.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
RAIM
Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring; ensures GPS signal integrity for IFR.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
VOR Radial
A magnetic bearing extending outward from a VOR station.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
ADF
Automatic Direction Finder; points to an NDB station.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Line-of-Sight
Restriction for VOR signals, affected by altitude and terrain.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Night Effect
NDB error where signals bend, causing needle fluctuations.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
TSO
Technical Standard Order; FAA minimum performance standard for aircraft parts.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Navigation Systems (GPS, VOR, NDB)
GPS: 'Gotta Plan Safely' – always consider RAIM and alternate navigation. VOR: 'Very Obvious Radial' – direct bearing information. NDB: 'Not Dependable, But useful' – prone to errors but still used.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Navigation Systems (GPS, VOR, NDB)
Memorize the GPS TSO numbers (C129a, C145, C146) and their implications for IFR flight, especially concerning RAIM requirements for approaches. The exam often tests specific certification requirements.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Navigation Systems (GPS, VOR, NDB)
Misinterpreting VOR reverse sensing during outbound tracking.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Navigation Systems (GPS, VOR, NDB)
Failing to check GPS RAIM availability before an IFR flight or approach.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Navigation Systems (GPS, VOR, NDB)
Not identifying NDB stations by their Morse code, leading to using the wrong station.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Autopilot
System that automatically controls aircraft flight path.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Flight Management System (FMS)
Computerized system for navigation, performance, and flight planning.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Actuators
Components that move control surfaces based on computer commands.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
NAV Mode
Autopilot mode that tracks a selected navigation course.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Altitude Hold
Autopilot mode that maintains a selected barometric altitude.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Approach Mode
Autopilot mode for capturing and tracking localizer and glideslope.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Yaw Damper
System that reduces Dutch roll oscillations.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Control Display Unit (CDU)
Interface for pilot interaction with the FMS.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Autopilots & Flight Management Systems
APES: Autopilot controls Attitude, Pitch, Engine (thrust), Speed. (Though engine control is typically FMS, APES helps remember the core functions!)
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Autopilots & Flight Management Systems
For the FII exam, memorize the primary functions of common autopilot modes (e.g., Heading, NAV, Altitude, VS, FLC, Approach) and the immediate actions for an autopilot malfunction. Keywords to spot: 'uncommanded,' 'disconnect,' 'hand-fly.'
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Autopilots & Flight Management Systems
Over-reliance on the autopilot, leading to a loss of situational awareness.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Autopilots & Flight Management Systems
Failing to monitor autopilot mode annunciations, resulting in the aircraft not doing what the pilot expects.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Autopilots & Flight Management Systems
Hesitating to disconnect a malfunctioning autopilot, allowing the situation to escalate.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Density Altitude
Pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
V-speeds
Designated airspeeds for safe operation (e.g., Vx, Vy, Va, Vne).
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Center of Gravity (CG)
The point where the aircraft's weight is balanced.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Airframe Icing
Accumulation of ice on aircraft surfaces, degrading performance.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Structural Limits
Maximum loads an aircraft structure can withstand.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Maneuvering Speed (Va)
Maximum speed at which full control deflection is safe.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
POH/AFM
Pilot's Operating Handbook / Aircraft Flight Manual.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Aircraft Performance & Limitations in IMC
To remember the key performance factors: 'D-W-I-T': Density altitude, Weight & balance, Icing, Turbulence. Don't forget your 'D-W-I-T' in IMC!
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Aircraft Performance & Limitations in IMC
For the FII exam, be prepared to interpret performance charts (e.g., takeoff distance, climb rate) under various conditions, especially those involving density altitude. Keywords to look for are 'density altitude,' 'weight and balance limits,' 'V-speeds,' and 'icing limitations.' Know the specific definitions and implications of each.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Aircraft Performance & Limitations in IMC
Underestimating the impact of high density altitude on takeoff/climb performance, leading to runway overruns or obstacle strikes.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Aircraft Performance & Limitations in IMC
Ignoring minor weight and balance discrepancies, which can lead to stability issues or difficulty controlling the aircraft in turbulence.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
Aircraft Performance & Limitations in IMC
Attempting to fly into known or forecast icing conditions without an appropriately certified and equipped aircraft, risking catastrophic performance loss.
Aircraft Instruments & Systems for CFIIs
PPRASC
Principles of learning: Preparedness, Effect, Exercise, Primacy, Intensity, Recency.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Cognitive Learning
Learning focused on mental processes like memory and problem-solving.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Humanistic Learning
Learning focused on individual needs, self-actualization, and motivation.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Demonstration-Performance
Teaching method where instructor shows, student does.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Scenario-Based Training (SBT)
Problem-based learning using realistic flight situations.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Primacy
The strong impression of initial learning; teach correctly first.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Recency
Things most recently learned are best remembered.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Constructive Criticism
Feedback that points out errors and suggests improvements.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Fundamentals of Instruction (FOI) Review
PPRASC: 'Pilots Prefer Real Airplanes, So Climb!' to remember Preparedness, Primacy, Recency, Effect, Exercise, Intensity.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Fundamentals of Instruction (FOI) Review
The FAA Airman Certification Standards (ACS) for the FII test frequently assess your knowledge of the Principles of Learning (PPRASC) and effective communication techniques. Be ready to identify examples of each principle. Keywords like 'barriers to communication' or 'obstacles to learning' are common.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Fundamentals of Instruction (FOI) Review
Overlooking a student's lack of preparedness (e.g., fatigue, stress) before a complex IFR lesson, leading to frustration and poor retention.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Fundamentals of Instruction (FOI) Review
Failing to provide immediate and constructive feedback after a student error, allowing incorrect habits to form (violating 'Primacy').
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Fundamentals of Instruction (FOI) Review
Using overly technical jargon without explaining it, creating a communication barrier and confusing the student.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Instrument Scan
Systematic observation of flight instruments.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Cross-Check
Rapid interpretation of multiple instrument indications.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Fixation
Staring at one instrument to the exclusion of others.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Omission
Neglecting to scan certain instruments.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Emphasis
Giving undue attention to a less critical instrument.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Primary Instrument
Provides most direct indication for a control axis.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Supporting Instrument
Confirms or supplements primary instrument data.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Teaching Instrument Scan & Cross-Check
To remember common scanning errors, think 'FOE': Fixation, Omission, Emphasis. Your FOE is a bad scan!
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Teaching Instrument Scan & Cross-Check
On the FII exam, be prepared to identify common instrument scanning errors (fixation, omission, emphasis) and describe appropriate corrective actions. Also, understand the concept of primary and supporting instruments for different flight maneuvers.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Teaching Instrument Scan & Cross-Check
Allowing students to develop a 'lazy T' scan pattern, which primarily focuses on the AI, altimeter, and heading indicator, neglecting other crucial instruments like the VSI or turn coordinator.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Teaching Instrument Scan & Cross-Check
Failing to emphasize that the primary/supporting instrument concept changes with the maneuver, leading students to apply a 'straight-and-level' scan to climbs or turns.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Teaching Instrument Scan & Cross-Check
Not addressing student fixation immediately, which can lead to larger deviations and reinforce poor scanning habits.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM)
Systematic mental approach to consistently determine best course of action.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Single-Pilot Resource Management (SRM)
Effective use of all available resources by a single pilot.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Debriefing
Post-scenario discussion to review performance and facilitate learning.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Transfer of Training
Applying learned skills from training to real-world situations.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Dynamic Scenario
A training scenario that evolves and presents changing challenges.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Scenario-Based Training (SBT) for IFR
SBT: 'S' for Story, 'B' for Big Picture, 'T' for Thinking. It's about a story that gives you the big picture for thinking critically!
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Scenario-Based Training (SBT) for IFR
For the FII exam, understand that SBT emphasizes higher-order thinking like ADM and SRM, and it's distinct from rote maneuver practice. Keywords to look for include 'realistic context,' 'decision-making,' and 'problem-solving.'
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Scenario-Based Training (SBT) for IFR
Designing scenarios that are too simple or too complex for the pilot's current skill level.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Scenario-Based Training (SBT) for IFR
Failing to provide a thorough debriefing, thus missing critical learning opportunities.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Scenario-Based Training (SBT) for IFR
Intervening too quickly during a scenario, preventing the pilot from making their own decisions and experiencing consequences.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Cognitive Error
Error due to lack of knowledge or understanding.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Psychomotor Error
Error due to lack of skill or coordination.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Affective Error
Error due to attitude, stress, or complacency.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Constructive Feedback
Specific, timely, and actionable performance review.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Root Cause Analysis
Identifying the fundamental reason for an error.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Stabilized Approach
Maintaining constant speed, descent rate, and configuration.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Aeronautical Decision Making
Systematic mental approach to risk assessment.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Evaluating & Correcting IFR Pilot Performance
To remember the types of errors, think 'CAP': Cognitive (knowledge), Affective (attitude), Psychomotor (skill).
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Evaluating & Correcting IFR Pilot Performance
On the FII exam, expect questions about identifying common IFR errors (e.g., control technique, instrument scan, procedural compliance) and appropriate instructional responses. Keywords like 'root cause,' 'constructive feedback,' and 'scenario-based training' are often associated with correct answers.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Evaluating & Correcting IFR Pilot Performance
Providing vague feedback like 'you need to fly better' without specific examples or solutions.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Evaluating & Correcting IFR Pilot Performance
Focusing solely on correcting the symptom of an error without addressing its underlying cause.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight
Evaluating & Correcting IFR Pilot Performance
Taking control too quickly without allowing the student to attempt self-correction or learn from their mistakes.
Instructional Techniques for Instrument Flight