14 CFR
Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations; legally binding aviation rules.
Getting Started: Understanding the AMP Exam
Free knowledge base
FAA Aviation Mechanic Powerplant (AMP) — key terms, tricks & tips
Everything from the course in one searchable place: 304 entries. Use it to review before a practice test or look up a word you forgot.
304 results · showing first 300, refine your search
ACS
Airman Certification Standards; outlines knowledge and skill requirements for certification.
Getting Started: Understanding the AMP Exam
AIM
Aeronautical Information Manual; official guide to flight information and ATC procedures.
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FARs
Federal Aviation Regulations; another term for 14 CFR.
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Airworthiness
The state of an aircraft meeting its type design and being safe for operation.
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Advisory Circular (AC)
Non-regulatory guidance material from the FAA.
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Part 43
14 CFR part governing maintenance, preventive maintenance, rebuilding, and alteration.
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Navigating the FAA ACS and Regulations
Remember 'C-A-A-H' for the hierarchy: CFR (Rules), ACS (Standards), AIM (Guidance), Handbooks (How-to).
Getting Started: Understanding the AMP Exam
Navigating the FAA ACS and Regulations
The exam often asks about the primary purpose of specific 14 CFR parts (e.g., Part 43 for maintenance) or the role of the ACS in certification. Keywords to spot include 'legally binding,' 'certification standards,' and 'acceptable methods.'
Getting Started: Understanding the AMP Exam
Navigating the FAA ACS and Regulations
Confusing advisory circulars (ACs) as legally binding regulations; they are guidance.
Getting Started: Understanding the AMP Exam
Navigating the FAA ACS and Regulations
Using outdated versions of regulations or handbooks; always check for current revisions.
Getting Started: Understanding the AMP Exam
Navigating the FAA ACS and Regulations
Not understanding that the ACS is the direct blueprint for the exam, not just a general study guide.
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Knowledge Test
FAA's written multiple-choice exam
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Endorsement
Instructor's sign-off for retesting
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FAA-H-8083-32
Powerplant Technician Handbook
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Passing Score
Minimum 70% required to pass
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Exam Format, Study Strategies, and Resources
To remember the key study steps: 'ACS, Handbooks, Practice, Pass!'
Getting Started: Understanding the AMP Exam
Exam Format, Study Strategies, and Resources
The exam often tests knowledge of specific regulatory parts. Memorize that 14 CFR Part 43 covers maintenance rules and Part 65 covers airmen certification.
Getting Started: Understanding the AMP Exam
Exam Format, Study Strategies, and Resources
Relying solely on practice tests without understanding the underlying concepts.
Getting Started: Understanding the AMP Exam
Exam Format, Study Strategies, and Resources
Not using official FAA handbooks as primary study material.
Getting Started: Understanding the AMP Exam
Exam Format, Study Strategies, and Resources
Ignoring the Airman Certification Standards (ACS) as a guide.
Getting Started: Understanding the AMP Exam
Exam Format, Study Strategies, and Resources
Attempting a retest without proper additional instruction and endorsement.
Getting Started: Understanding the AMP Exam
Reciprocating Engine
Engine using pistons moving back and forth
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Otto Cycle
Four-stroke cycle with spark ignition
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Crankshaft
Converts linear piston motion to rotary
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Camshaft
Controls valve opening and closing
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Compression Ratio
Volume ratio before and after compression
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Power Stroke
Piston driven down by expanding gases
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Engine Cycles, Components, and Operating Principles
I-C-P-E: 'I Can Power Engines!' for Intake, Compression, Power, Exhaust.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Engine Cycles, Components, and Operating Principles
On the exam, be ready to identify the correct sequence of the four strokes and the primary function of components like the crankshaft and camshaft. Keywords: 'four-stroke cycle', 'spark ignition', 'compression ignition'. Remember the Otto cycle is spark-ignited.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Engine Cycles, Components, and Operating Principles
Confusing the order of the four strokes (Intake, Compression, Power, Exhaust is critical).
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Engine Cycles, Components, and Operating Principles
Misunderstanding the difference between Otto (spark ignition) and Diesel (compression ignition) cycles.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Engine Cycles, Components, and Operating Principles
Incorrectly identifying the function of the crankshaft vs. camshaft.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Induction System
Delivers air to the engine for combustion.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Carburetor Heat
Uses exhaust heat to melt ice in the carburetor.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Alternate Air
Unfiltered air source if main air filter is blocked.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Turbocharger
Exhaust-driven pump compressing intake air.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Exhaust System
Channels hot gases safely out of the engine.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Cowl Flaps
Adjustable openings to regulate engine cooling.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Cylinder Head Temp (CHT)
Measures temperature of cylinder heads.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Baffles
Direct cooling air over engine cylinders.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Engine Systems: Induction, Exhaust, and Cooling
ICE: 'I'gnition, 'C'arburetor heat, 'E'ngine roughness. If you get engine roughness, check your ignition switch, apply carb heat, and then troubleshoot further.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Engine Systems: Induction, Exhaust, and Cooling
For the exam, memorize the conditions conducive to carburetor icing (high humidity, temperatures between 20-70°F, low power settings) and the immediate corrective action (full carburetor heat). Also, know the purpose of alternate air and cowl flaps.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Engine Systems: Induction, Exhaust, and Cooling
Forgetting to apply carburetor heat during descents or prolonged low power operations in humid conditions.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Engine Systems: Induction, Exhaust, and Cooling
Ignoring high CHT or oil temperature indications, leading to engine damage.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Engine Systems: Induction, Exhaust, and Cooling
Not checking for exhaust system leaks during preflight, risking carbon monoxide poisoning.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Density Altitude
Pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Takeoff Power
Maximum power approved for takeoff, time-limited.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Maximum Continuous Power
Highest power setting for unlimited duration.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Horsepower (HP)
Unit of power, often used for reciprocating engines.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Manifold Pressure
Absolute pressure of the fuel-air mixture in the intake manifold.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
RPM
Revolutions Per Minute, engine crankshaft speed.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Engine Limitations
Manufacturer-defined operating boundaries for safety.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Engine Performance and Power Ratings
HOT HUMID HIGH = HORRIBLE ENGINE PERFORMANCE. Imagine your engine sweating and struggling to breathe at a high-altitude beach party.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Engine Performance and Power Ratings
On the exam, expect questions about how altitude, temperature, and humidity affect engine power. Memorize that decreasing air density (higher altitude, higher temperature, higher humidity) reduces engine output. Keywords to spot: 'density altitude,' 'power decrease,' 'performance charts.'
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Engine Performance and Power Ratings
Confusing indicated altitude with density altitude when calculating performance.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Engine Performance and Power Ratings
Ignoring time limits for takeoff power settings.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Engine Performance and Power Ratings
Not understanding that higher temperature or altitude reduces engine power, not increases it.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Carburetor Icing
Ice formation in the carburetor venturi, restricting airflow.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Fouled Spark Plug
Spark plug coated with deposits, preventing proper ignition.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Magneto Check
Procedure to test each magneto's operation during run-up.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Rough Running
Engine operating unevenly, often accompanied by vibration.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Detonation
Uncontrolled, explosive ignition of the fuel-air mixture.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Pre-ignition
Ignition of mixture before spark, often due to hot spots.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Vapor Lock
Fuel vaporizing in fuel line, blocking liquid fuel flow.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Reciprocating Engine Troubleshooting
ROUGH engine? Remember 'F.I.C.E.': Fuel, Ignition, Carburetor, Engine (internal).
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Reciprocating Engine Troubleshooting
An official exam-objective tip for this lesson: The exam frequently tests your ability to identify the cause of a specific engine symptom. Memorize common symptoms like 'rough running' or 'loss of RPM' and their primary causes, such as 'carburetor ice' or 'fouled spark plugs'.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Reciprocating Engine Troubleshooting
Ignoring subtle engine changes, hoping they will resolve themselves.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Reciprocating Engine Troubleshooting
Failing to consult the POH for specific emergency procedures.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Reciprocating Engine Troubleshooting
Attributing all engine roughness to carburetor icing without checking other possibilities.
Reciprocating Engine Fundamentals
Brayton Cycle
Continuous combustion process in turbine engines.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Turbojet
Engine producing thrust solely from exhaust gases.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Turbofan
Engine with a fan that bypasses air for thrust.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Turboprop
Engine driving a propeller through a gearbox.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Turboshaft
Engine driving a shaft for power (e.g., helicopter).
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Compressor
Section that increases air pressure.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Combustor
Section where fuel and air are ignited.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Turbine
Section that extracts energy from hot gases.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Spool
Compressor and turbine on a common shaft.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Turbine Engine Theory, Types, and Components
To remember the order of sections: 'Cows Can Take Everything' – Compressor, Combustor, Turbine, Exhaust.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Turbine Engine Theory, Types, and Components
The FAA exam often asks about the primary function of each major section of a turbine engine. Remember: the compressor increases pressure, the combustor adds heat, the turbine extracts energy, and the exhaust produces thrust. Keywords: 'Brayton cycle,' 'thrust production,' 'energy extraction.'
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Turbine Engine Theory, Types, and Components
Confusing the function of the compressor (pressure increase) with the turbine (energy extraction).
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Turbine Engine Theory, Types, and Components
Mixing up the applications of different engine types (e.g., turboprop for high speed, turbofan for efficiency).
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Turbine Engine Theory, Types, and Components
Forgetting that the turbine drives both the compressor and accessories.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Axial Flow
Compressor type with air flowing parallel to the shaft.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Centrifugal Flow
Compressor type with air flung outward by an impeller.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Nozzle Guide Vanes
Stationary vanes in the turbine section that direct gas flow.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Compressor Stall
Disruption of airflow through the compressor, reducing efficiency.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Compressor, Combustor, and Turbine Sections
To remember the order, think: 'Cows Can Turn Easily' (Compressor, Combustor, Turbine, Exhaust).
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Compressor, Combustor, and Turbine Sections
Memorize the order of the core components: Compressor, Combustor, Turbine, Exhaust. The exam often tests this sequence. Look for questions about the primary function of each section.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Compressor, Combustor, and Turbine Sections
Confusing the function of the compressor (pressure increase) with the turbine (energy extraction).
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Compressor, Combustor, and Turbine Sections
Incorrectly ordering the core components of the engine.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Compressor, Combustor, and Turbine Sections
Believing the combustor generates thrust directly, rather than producing hot gases that then generate thrust.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Thrust
The propulsive force generated by accelerating a mass of air rearward.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Bypass Ratio
Ratio of air bypassing core engine to air flowing through core.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
TSFC
Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption: fuel flow rate per unit of thrust.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
EGT
Exhaust Gas Temperature: temperature of gases leaving the turbine.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
EPR
Engine Pressure Ratio: ratio of turbine discharge pressure to compressor inlet pressure.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
N1/N2
Rotational speeds of low/high pressure compressor/fan sections.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Ambient Air Density
Mass of air per unit volume, critical for engine performance.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Thrust Production and Engine Performance
To remember factors affecting thrust: 'HAT' - High Altitude, High Temperature, High Humidity all reduce thrust!
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Thrust Production and Engine Performance
On the exam, be ready to identify factors that decrease turbine engine thrust, such as high ambient temperature, high altitude, and high humidity. Keywords like 'hot and high' are common indicators.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Thrust Production and Engine Performance
Confusing SFC with TSFC: SFC is for power (propeller), TSFC is for thrust (jet).
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Thrust Production and Engine Performance
Underestimating the impact of ambient temperature on thrust output; it's a major factor.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Thrust Production and Engine Performance
Not understanding that higher bypass ratio generally means better fuel efficiency for turbofans.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Fuel Control Unit (FCU)
Regulates fuel flow to the engine based on various parameters.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
FADEC
Full Authority Digital Engine Control; computer manages engine operation.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
N1/N2 RPM
Rotational speeds of low-pressure and high-pressure spools.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Thrust Reverser
Device to redirect exhaust forward, aiding deceleration after landing.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Continuous Ignition
Igniters remain active during flight, often in adverse conditions.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Hot Start
Engine start with excessively high EGT, indicating rich mixture.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Turbine Engine Operation and Control Systems
To remember the starting sequence: 'S-A-F-I-C-S' - Starter, Airflow, Fuel, Ignition, Combustion, Self-sustaining.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Turbine Engine Operation and Control Systems
The exam often asks about the primary function of the Fuel Control Unit (FCU) – remember it meters fuel. Also, know the purpose of thrust reversers and the meaning of key engine indications like EGT and EPR.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Turbine Engine Operation and Control Systems
Confusing EGT (temperature) with EPR (pressure ratio) as the primary thrust indicator.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Turbine Engine Operation and Control Systems
Believing thrust reversers are used for in-flight braking.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Turbine Engine Operation and Control Systems
Incorrectly identifying the components responsible for initial engine rotation during start-up.
Turbine Engine Principles and Operation
Magneto
Self-contained generator producing high voltage for ignition.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Breaker Points
Mechanical switch that interrupts the primary circuit.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Capacitor (Condenser)
Prevents arcing at points, aids voltage induction.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Distributor
Routes high voltage to the correct spark plug.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Spark Plug
Creates an electrical spark to ignite fuel-air mixture.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Primary Coil
Low-voltage winding in a magneto.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Secondary Coil
High-voltage winding in a magneto.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Hot Plug
Spark plug designed to retain more heat.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Reciprocating Engine Ignition Systems
Magneto's MAGIC: **M**echanical **A**ction **G**enerates **I**gnition **C**urrent.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Reciprocating Engine Ignition Systems
For the exam, remember that magnetos are engine-driven and completely independent of the aircraft's electrical system, a key safety feature. Also, know the purpose of the capacitor (condenser) in preventing arcing at the breaker points.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Reciprocating Engine Ignition Systems
Confusing magnetos with the aircraft's main electrical system. Magnetos are independent.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Reciprocating Engine Ignition Systems
Not understanding the purpose of dual ignition systems (redundancy and improved combustion).
Ignition and Starting Systems
Reciprocating Engine Ignition Systems
Ignoring an abnormal magneto check during pre-flight – it's a critical safety item.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Exciter Unit
Converts low voltage to high-energy pulses for igniters.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Igniter Plug
Device producing a high-energy spark for fuel ignition.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Constrained-Gap Igniter
Igniter with a small, exposed electrode for intense spark.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Annular-Gap Igniter
Igniter with a ring-shaped electrode for a wider spark.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Intermittent Ignition
Ignition used only for engine starting, then turned off.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Flameout
Unintended loss of combustion in a jet engine.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Turbine Engine Ignition Systems and Igniters
Imagine an 'EXCITED' person (Exciter Unit) who has so much energy, they 'IGNITE' (Igniter) a huge 'SPARK' (Spark discharge) in a 'TURBINE' (Turbine engine) of ideas, but only 'INTERMITTENTLY' (Intermittent ignition) unless it's a 'CRITICAL' (Continuous ignition) situation.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Turbine Engine Ignition Systems and Igniters
For the exam, remember that turbine engine ignition systems are NOT continuously active during normal flight like reciprocating engines. They are primarily for starting and specific adverse conditions. Keywords like 'exciter unit,' 'high-energy spark,' and 'constrained-gap' or 'annular-gap' are common.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Turbine Engine Ignition Systems and Igniters
Confusing turbine ignition with reciprocating engine ignition (turbine is not continuous).
Ignition and Starting Systems
Turbine Engine Ignition Systems and Igniters
Underestimating the voltage and energy involved in turbine ignition systems.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Turbine Engine Ignition Systems and Igniters
Not knowing the conditions that require continuous ignition (e.g., heavy rain, icing).
Ignition and Starting Systems
Starter Motor
Electric motor rotating engine for start.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Air Turbine Starter (ATS)
Turbine starter powered by compressed air.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Self-Sustaining Speed
Engine RPM where it runs without starter.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Hung Start
Turbine engine stabilizes at low RPM, high EGT.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Cross-Bleed Start
Using bleed air from one engine to start another.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)
Small turbine engine providing power/air on ground.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Engine Starting Systems (Reciprocating and Turbine)
To remember turbine start conditions: 'H.U.N.G.' means High EGT, Under-speed, No acceleration, Go abort!
Ignition and Starting Systems
Engine Starting Systems (Reciprocating and Turbine)
For the exam, know the primary methods of starting for both reciprocating (electric starter) and turbine engines (electric, air turbine, jet fuel starter). Be able to identify conditions like 'hot start' and 'hung start' for turbines and their immediate corrective actions.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Engine Starting Systems (Reciprocating and Turbine)
Attempting to start an engine without ensuring the propeller/jet blast area is clear.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Engine Starting Systems (Reciprocating and Turbine)
Ignoring abnormal indications (e.g., high EGT, low oil pressure) during a start attempt.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Engine Starting Systems (Reciprocating and Turbine)
Failing to allow starter motors to cool between unsuccessful start attempts, leading to overheating and damage.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Fouling
Deposits on spark plug electrodes, preventing proper spark.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Gapping
Setting the correct distance between spark plug electrodes.
Ignition and Starting Systems
P-lead
Wire connecting magneto primary coil to ignition switch.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Solenoid
Electromagnetic switch used to engage starter motor.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Click, No Crank
Starter solenoid engages, but starter motor does not turn.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Ignition & Starting System Maintenance & Troubleshooting
To remember the common reciprocating engine ignition issues: 'SPARK' - **S**park plugs, **P**-leads, **A**ir gap, **R**otor/distributor, **K**ey (timing).
Ignition and Starting Systems
Ignition & Starting System Maintenance & Troubleshooting
The exam often asks about the proper procedure for a magneto check and what specific RPM drops indicate. Memorize that an excessive drop indicates a problem with that magneto or its associated plugs, while no drop might mean the P-lead is shorted or the magneto is not grounding.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Ignition & Starting System Maintenance & Troubleshooting
Forgetting to ground magnetos before working on ignition components, which can lead to accidental engine starts.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Ignition & Starting System Maintenance & Troubleshooting
Incorrectly gapping spark plugs, leading to engine misfires or reduced performance.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Ignition & Starting System Maintenance & Troubleshooting
Ignoring manufacturer's specific troubleshooting charts and attempting generic fixes.
Ignition and Starting Systems
Avgas 100LL
Blue, low-lead aviation gasoline for reciprocating engines.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Jet A/A-1
Kerosene-based fuel for turbine engines, clear or straw-colored.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Boost Pump
Electric pump ensuring positive fuel pressure.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Sumping
Draining small fuel samples to check for contaminants.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Crossfeed System
Allows fuel from one tank to supply another engine.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Fuel Contamination
Presence of unwanted substances in fuel.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Aircraft Fuel Systems and Fuel Types
To remember Avgas 100LL is Blue: '100LL is as Blue as the Sky.'
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Aircraft Fuel Systems and Fuel Types
Memorize the color codes for Avgas: 100LL is blue. Jet fuel is clear or straw-colored. This is a common test question to ensure you can identify fuel types correctly.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Aircraft Fuel Systems and Fuel Types
Confusing Avgas and Jet Fuel characteristics or uses.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Aircraft Fuel Systems and Fuel Types
Underestimating the danger of fuel contamination, especially water.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Aircraft Fuel Systems and Fuel Types
Failing to perform proper fuel system checks like sumping before flight.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Carburetor
Device mixing fuel and air using Venturi principle.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Venturi
Constriction causing pressure drop, drawing fuel.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Fuel Injection
System delivering fuel directly to intake or cylinder.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Mixture Control
Pilot control to adjust fuel-air ratio for altitude.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Lean Mixture
Less fuel relative to air, used at higher altitudes.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Rich Mixture
More fuel relative to air, used for cooling/power.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Reciprocating Engine Fuel Metering Systems
To remember carburetor components, think 'F-V-M-T': Float, Venturi, Mixture, Throttle. These are the core players!
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Reciprocating Engine Fuel Metering Systems
For the exam, remember that carburetors are susceptible to icing, while fuel injection systems are not. Also, be able to identify the primary method by which a float-type carburetor meters fuel (Venturi effect).
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Reciprocating Engine Fuel Metering Systems
Confusing the causes and remedies for carburetor icing versus vapor lock in fuel-injected systems.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Reciprocating Engine Fuel Metering Systems
Incorrectly assuming fuel injection systems are entirely immune to all fuel system issues, forgetting about potential nozzle clogging or pump failures.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Reciprocating Engine Fuel Metering Systems
Not understanding that mixture control is essential in both systems (though often automatic in modern fuel injection) to compensate for air density changes.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Atomization
Breaking fuel into fine spray for combustion.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Fuel Manifold
Distributes fuel to multiple nozzles.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Fuel Nozzle
Injects and atomizes fuel into combustor.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
High-Pressure Pump
Engine-driven pump, increases fuel pressure.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Turbine Engine Fuel Control and Fuel Systems
FCU: Fuel Controls Universally! It controls fuel for everything a turbine engine does.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Turbine Engine Fuel Control and Fuel Systems
For the exam, remember that the Fuel Control Unit (FCU) is the primary component responsible for metering fuel flow in a turbine engine. Keywords like 'metering,' 'scheduling,' and 'regulating' fuel flow point to the FCU's function.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Turbine Engine Fuel Control and Fuel Systems
Confusing the FCU's role with just a simple fuel pump; it's much more complex.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Turbine Engine Fuel Control and Fuel Systems
Forgetting that fuel atomization is critical for efficient combustion.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Turbine Engine Fuel Control and Fuel Systems
Not understanding that turbine engines require continuous, precisely metered fuel flow.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Carburetor Ice
Ice formed in the carburetor venturi due to cooling.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Impact Ice
Ice formed on air intake surfaces from visible moisture.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Supercharger
Engine-driven compressor to boost intake air pressure.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Wastegate
Controls exhaust flow to the turbocharger turbine.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Intercooler
Cools compressed intake air to increase density.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Naturally Aspirated
Engine relies solely on atmospheric pressure for air intake.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Engine Induction and Supercharging Systems
To remember the difference: 'Super' is 'S' for Shaft-driven (engine shaft), 'Turbo' is 'T' for Turbine-driven (exhaust turbine).
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Engine Induction and Supercharging Systems
For the exam, memorize the conditions for carburetor icing (temperature range, humidity) and the primary methods of prevention (carb heat, alternate air). Also, know the fundamental difference between superchargers (engine-driven) and turbochargers (exhaust-driven) and their respective advantages.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Engine Induction and Supercharging Systems
Confusing carburetor ice with impact ice; they have different formation mechanisms and prevention strategies.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Engine Induction and Supercharging Systems
Incorrectly assuming superchargers are more efficient at all altitudes than turbochargers.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Engine Induction and Supercharging Systems
Forgetting to check the alternate air source for proper operation during pre-flight or troubleshooting.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Viscosity
Oil's resistance to flow; its thickness.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Wet Sump
Oil stored in engine crankcase; simpler system.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Dry Sump
Oil stored in separate tank; complex system.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Pressure Pump
Circulates oil under pressure to engine.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Scavenge Pump
Returns oil from engine to oil tank.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Oil Cooler
Heat exchanger to reduce oil temperature.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Mineral Oil
Petroleum-based lubricant, often for break-in.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Synthetic Oil
Chemically engineered lubricant, high performance.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Engine Lubrication Systems and Lubricants
F-C-C-S-P: Friction, Cooling, Cleaning, Sealing, Protection – the five main functions of engine oil. Remember it like 'Five Cool Cars Start Perfectly!'
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Engine Lubrication Systems and Lubricants
For the exam, remember that the primary purpose of engine oil is to reduce friction and cool the engine. Also, differentiate between wet and dry sump systems: dry sumps are common in turbine and aerobatic aircraft due to their separate oil tank and ability to maintain oil supply in any attitude.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Engine Lubrication Systems and Lubricants
Confusing the purpose of the pressure pump with the scavenge pump.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Engine Lubrication Systems and Lubricants
Believing all aircraft engines use the same type of oil (e.g., using mineral oil in a turbine engine).
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Engine Lubrication Systems and Lubricants
Underestimating the importance of oil analysis for preventive maintenance.
Fuel, Induction, and Lubrication Systems
Angle of Attack
Angle between blade chord and relative wind
Propeller Systems
Fixed-Pitch Propeller
Blades permanently set at one angle
Propeller Systems
Adjustable-Pitch Propeller
Blade angle can be changed
Propeller Systems
Constant-Speed Propeller
Automatically adjusts pitch to maintain RPM
Propeller Systems
Propeller Hub
Central part holding propeller blades
Propeller Systems
Centrifugal Force
Force pulling blades out from hub
Propeller Systems
Blade Pitch
Angle of propeller blade relative to plane of rotation
Propeller Systems
Propeller Theory, Types, and Components
To remember the forces: 'CT-TAT'. Centrifugal, Thrust Bending, Torque Bending, Aerodynamic Twisting, Centrifugal Twisting. Imagine a propeller doing a 'CT scan' of the forces, then saying 'TAT' to them!
Propeller Systems
Propeller Theory, Types, and Components
For the exam, remember that centrifugal force is the greatest stress on a propeller, always trying to pull the blades from the hub. Know the primary advantage of a constant-speed propeller: efficiency over a wide range of RPM and airspeeds.
Propeller Systems
Propeller Theory, Types, and Components
Confusing blade pitch with angle of attack; pitch is a mechanical setting, angle of attack is aerodynamic.
Propeller Systems
Propeller Theory, Types, and Components
Underestimating the magnitude of centrifugal force on a propeller blade.
Propeller Systems
Propeller Theory, Types, and Components
Assuming fixed-pitch propellers are optimal for all flight conditions.
Propeller Systems
Propeller Governor
Device that senses RPM and controls blade pitch via oil.
Propeller Systems
Feathering
Rotating blades to align with airflow to minimize drag.
Propeller Systems
Unfeathering
Returning a feathered propeller to an operating pitch.
Propeller Systems
Reverse Pitch
Negative blade angle for braking or ground maneuvering.
Propeller Systems
Overspeed
Propeller RPM higher than the selected setting.
Propeller Systems
Underspeed
Propeller RPM lower than the selected setting.
Propeller Systems
Constant-Speed and Feathering Propeller Systems
To remember what feathering does, think: 'Feathering makes the propeller as light as a feather' – meaning it creates minimal drag.
Propeller Systems
Constant-Speed and Feathering Propeller Systems
For the exam, remember that a constant-speed propeller's primary function is to maintain a constant engine RPM by varying blade pitch. Feathering is specifically for reducing drag on an inoperative engine. Know that oil pressure typically moves blades to a low pitch (high RPM) and spring/aerodynamic forces to a high pitch (low RPM, or feathered).
Propeller Systems
Constant-Speed and Feathering Propeller Systems
Confusing constant-speed operation with fixed-pitch propellers; fixed-pitch propellers have a set blade angle, while constant-speed propellers automatically adjust.
Propeller Systems
Constant-Speed and Feathering Propeller Systems
Incorrectly assuming feathering is used for normal operations; feathering is a specific emergency procedure for engine failure.
Propeller Systems
Constant-Speed and Feathering Propeller Systems
Misunderstanding the role of oil pressure; typically, oil pressure moves blades to low pitch/high RPM, and spring/aerodynamic forces move to high pitch/low RPM or feathered.
Propeller Systems
Fine Pitch
Low blade angle, used for high RPM and low airspeed (takeoff/climb).
Propeller Systems
Coarse Pitch
High blade angle, used for low RPM and high airspeed (cruise).
Propeller Systems
Synchrophasing
Matching both RPM and blade position of multiple propellers.
Propeller Systems
Propeller Control Systems and Operation
Think of a 'GOVERNOR' as a 'GOVERN-OR' (governor) of engine RPM, always trying to 'GOVERN' (control) the speed by adjusting the propeller's 'OR'ientation (pitch).
Propeller Systems
Propeller Control Systems and Operation
For the exam, remember that the propeller governor's primary function is to maintain a selected engine RPM by varying propeller blade angle. Keywords like 'constant RPM' or 'governor' should immediately trigger this association.
Propeller Systems
Propeller Control Systems and Operation
Confusing propeller RPM with engine RPM; they are usually the same, but the propeller system controls the propeller to control the engine.
Propeller Systems
Propeller Control Systems and Operation
Assuming feathering is an automatic process; it's typically pilot-initiated.
Propeller Systems
Propeller Control Systems and Operation
Not understanding that fine pitch allows higher RPM (less load) and coarse pitch allows lower RPM (more load) for a given power setting.
Propeller Systems
Static Balance
Propeller's center of gravity at center of rotation.
Propeller Systems
Dynamic Balance
On-aircraft balancing to correct operational vibrations.
Propeller Systems
Blade Tracking
Ensuring all blade tips pass through the same plane.
Propeller Systems
Blade Angle
Angle between blade chord line and plane of rotation.
Propeller Systems
Erosion
Wear on blade surfaces from airborne particles.
Propeller Systems
Delamination
Separation of layers in composite propeller blades.
Propeller Systems
Propeller Logbook
Record of all maintenance, inspections, and repairs.
Propeller Systems
Propeller Maintenance and Inspection
PIC: Propeller Inspection Checklist – P for Paint, I for Integrity (cracks/nicks), C for Corrosion. Use this for quick visual checks!
Propeller Systems
Propeller Maintenance and Inspection
For the exam, memorize that propeller inspections typically occur during annual/100-hour inspections and engine overhauls. Key terms like 'static balance' and 'dynamic balance' are frequently tested, so know their definitions and purpose.
Propeller Systems
Propeller Maintenance and Inspection
Overlooking small nicks or scratches, assuming they are harmless.
Propeller Systems
Propeller Maintenance and Inspection
Attempting unauthorized repairs or using unapproved materials.
Propeller Systems
Propeller Maintenance and Inspection
Failing to disconnect ignition system before rotating propeller by hand.
Propeller Systems
Pre-flight inspection
Pilot's check before each flight for safety.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
100-hour inspection
Required for for-hire aircraft every 100 hours.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Annual inspection
Comprehensive inspection required every 12 calendar months.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Time in service
Time from takeoff to landing, used for inspection intervals.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Inspection Authorization (IA)
Special FAA authorization for A&P mechanics to perform annuals.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
14 CFR Part 43 Appendix D
Details the scope of 100-hour and annual inspections.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Pre-Flight, 100-Hour, and Annual Inspections
Think of 'P-A-I' for the order of increasing rigor: Pilot (Pre-flight), A&P (100-hour), IA (Annual).
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Pre-Flight, 100-Hour, and Annual Inspections
Memorize that an Annual inspection can substitute for a 100-hour inspection, but a 100-hour cannot substitute for an Annual. Look for questions about who can perform each inspection.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Pre-Flight, 100-Hour, and Annual Inspections
Confusing the authority required for 100-hour vs. Annual inspections.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Pre-Flight, 100-Hour, and Annual Inspections
Forgetting that an Annual inspection can satisfy a 100-hour requirement, but not vice-versa.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Pre-Flight, 100-Hour, and Annual Inspections
Not knowing the specific CFR parts that govern these inspections (91.409, 43 Appendix D).
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Engine Condition Monitoring (ECM)
Systematic tracking of engine health to predict failures.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Oil Analysis
Lab testing of oil for wear metals and contaminants.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Boroscope Inspection
Visual internal engine inspection using a flexible camera.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT)
Temperature of exhaust gases, key for mixture and engine health.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Troubleshooting
Process of identifying the cause of a malfunction.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Trend Monitoring
Tracking engine parameters over time to detect deviations.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Engine Condition Monitoring and Troubleshooting
OIL BITS: Observe, Isolate, Look in manuals, Identify, Test, Solve.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Engine Condition Monitoring and Troubleshooting
The exam often tests your understanding of what specific engine instrument indications (e.g., high CHT, low oil pressure) suggest about an engine's condition. Memorize the common symptoms associated with major engine malfunctions.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Engine Condition Monitoring and Troubleshooting
Ignoring subtle changes in engine instrument readings or pilot reports, assuming they are minor.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Engine Condition Monitoring and Troubleshooting
Jumping to conclusions about a malfunction without systematically troubleshooting or consulting manuals.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Engine Condition Monitoring and Troubleshooting
Failing to document troubleshooting steps and findings, leading to repeated efforts or missed clues.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Airworthiness Directive (AD)
Mandatory FAA regulation to correct unsafe conditions.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Service Bulletin (SB)
Manufacturer's recommendation for maintenance or improvement.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Unsafe Condition
A defect or condition that could affect safe operation.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Compliance
Performing the actions required by an AD or SB.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Recurring AD
An AD that requires repeated action at specified intervals.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Type Design
The design of an aircraft, engine, or propeller as approved by the FAA.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Airworthy
An aircraft that conforms to its type design and is safe for flight.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Airworthiness Directives (ADs) and Service Bulletins (SBs)
ADs are Always Due, SBs are Suggested But Optional (unless an AD says so)!
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Airworthiness Directives (ADs) and Service Bulletins (SBs)
On the exam, remember that ADs are mandatory and issued by the FAA, while SBs are recommendations from the manufacturer. Keywords like 'mandatory,' 'FAA,' 'unsafe condition' point to ADs. 'Recommended,' 'manufacturer,' 'improvement' point to SBs.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Airworthiness Directives (ADs) and Service Bulletins (SBs)
Confusing ADs (mandatory, FAA) with SBs (recommended, manufacturer).
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Airworthiness Directives (ADs) and Service Bulletins (SBs)
Failing to record AD compliance correctly and completely in maintenance logs.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Airworthiness Directives (ADs) and Service Bulletins (SBs)
Not checking for the latest AD revisions or assuming an old AD is no longer applicable.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Preservation oil
Oil with corrosion inhibitors for storage.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Fogging
Spraying preservative into engine cylinders.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Desiccant plugs
Plugs that absorb moisture from cylinders.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Motoring
Rotating a turbine engine without ignition.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Corrosion inhibitors
Additives that prevent rust and degradation.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Humidity indicators
Cards that show moisture levels in sealed areas.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance
Engine Preservation, Storage, and Return to Service
P.R.E.S.E.R.V.E. for Preservation: Protect, Remove, Empty, Spray, Ensure, Rotate, Verify, Enclose.
Engine Inspection and Maintenance