AMA Knowledge Test
FAA exam for Airframe Mechanic certification.
Getting Started: Your AMA Exam Journey
Free knowledge base
FAA Aviation Mechanic Airframe (AMA) — key terms, tricks & tips
Everything from the course in one searchable place: 323 entries. Use it to review before a practice test or look up a word you forgot.
323 results · showing first 300, refine your search
ACS
Airman Certification Standards, outlines test objectives.
Getting Started: Your AMA Exam Journey
14 CFR Part 65
Federal Aviation Regulations for airmen other than pilots.
Getting Started: Your AMA Exam Journey
Distractor
Incorrect answer choices in multiple-choice questions.
Getting Started: Your AMA Exam Journey
Score Report
Document showing pass/fail status and weak areas.
Getting Started: Your AMA Exam Journey
Authorized Testing Center
Approved facility for taking FAA knowledge tests.
Getting Started: Your AMA Exam Journey
FAA Handbooks
Official FAA publications used as study references.
Getting Started: Your AMA Exam Journey
Understanding the AMA Knowledge Test Format
To remember the test's structure, think 'CRAM': Computerized, Recall/Apply, Administered, Multiple-choice.
Getting Started: Your AMA Exam Journey
Understanding the AMA Knowledge Test Format
Memorize the passing score of 70% for all FAA knowledge tests. Also, remember that a failed test report includes codes for areas of deficiency, which are crucial for re-study.
Getting Started: Your AMA Exam Journey
Understanding the AMA Knowledge Test Format
Only memorizing answers without understanding the underlying concepts.
Getting Started: Your AMA Exam Journey
Understanding the AMA Knowledge Test Format
Not using the ACS to guide study, leading to inefficient preparation.
Getting Started: Your AMA Exam Journey
Understanding the AMA Knowledge Test Format
Ignoring the weak area codes on a failed test report, hindering effective re-study.
Getting Started: Your AMA Exam Journey
14 CFR
Code of Federal Regulations, Title 14; aviation laws.
Getting Started: Your AMA Exam Journey
FARs
Federal Aviation Regulations; another name for 14 CFR.
Getting Started: Your AMA Exam Journey
AIM
Aeronautical Information Manual; advisory flight info.
Getting Started: Your AMA Exam Journey
Regulatory
Legally binding rules.
Getting Started: Your AMA Exam Journey
Advisory
Recommended practices, not legally binding.
Getting Started: Your AMA Exam Journey
Navigating the ACS, 14 CFR, AIM, and Handbooks
Remember 'CALM' for your resources: CFR (Regulations), ACS (Blueprint), AIM (Procedures), Manuals (Handbooks).
Getting Started: Your AMA Exam Journey
Navigating the ACS, 14 CFR, AIM, and Handbooks
For the AMA knowledge test, be prepared to identify the primary purpose of the ACS, distinguish between regulatory and advisory material, and know that 14 CFR is the source of legally binding rules.
Getting Started: Your AMA Exam Journey
Navigating the ACS, 14 CFR, AIM, and Handbooks
Confusing advisory material (AIM, Handbooks) with regulatory material (14 CFR). Only 14 CFR is legally binding.
Getting Started: Your AMA Exam Journey
Navigating the ACS, 14 CFR, AIM, and Handbooks
Studying only handbooks without referencing the ACS for exam topics or 14 CFR for legal requirements.
Getting Started: Your AMA Exam Journey
Navigating the ACS, 14 CFR, AIM, and Handbooks
Assuming outdated handbook information is current; always check the latest revision dates for all documents.
Getting Started: Your AMA Exam Journey
Primary Structure
Component critical for aircraft's structural integrity.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Secondary Structure
Component not critical for immediate flight safety.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Monocoque
Structure where skin carries all loads.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Semi-monocoque
Structure where skin and internal framework share loads.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Truss Structure
Framework of tubes carrying loads.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Spar
Primary load-bearing member of a wing.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Rib
Gives wing airfoil shape, transfers loads to spars.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Empennage
The tail section of an aircraft.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Aircraft Structural Components & Materials
Imagine a 'MONO-coque' is a 'MONO-lith' – one strong piece, relying on just the skin. 'SEMI-monocoque' is 'SEMI-supported' – skin plus internal framework.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Aircraft Structural Components & Materials
On the AMA exam, expect questions distinguishing primary from secondary structures. Memorize that a 'fairing' is typically secondary, while a 'wing spar' or 'fuselage bulkhead' is primary. Also, know that semi-monocoque is the most common fuselage construction.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Aircraft Structural Components & Materials
Confusing primary and secondary structures, leading to incorrect repair urgency.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Aircraft Structural Components & Materials
Misidentifying the type of fuselage construction, which affects repair procedures.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Aircraft Structural Components & Materials
Not understanding the specific roles of components like spars vs. ribs.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Stress
Internal resistance to external force per unit area.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Strain
Deformation or change in shape due to stress.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Tension
A pulling or stretching force.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Compression
A pushing or squeezing force.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Shear
A force causing parts to slide past each other.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Bending
Combination of tension and compression causing curvature.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Torsion
A twisting force.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Fatigue
Structural damage from repeated cyclic loading.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Stress, Strain, and Structural Loads
To remember the five main loads, think 'TCS BT' – Tension, Compression, Shear, Bending, Torsion.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Stress, Strain, and Structural Loads
The FAA exam often asks to identify the type of stress a specific component experiences. Keywords to spot are 'pulling' (tension), 'pushing' (compression), 'twisting' (torsion), 'cutting' (shear), and 'flexing' (bending).
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Stress, Strain, and Structural Loads
Confusing stress (internal force) with strain (deformation).
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Stress, Strain, and Structural Loads
Underestimating the cumulative effect of fatigue on structural integrity.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Stress, Strain, and Structural Loads
Not recognizing that a single component can experience multiple types of loads simultaneously.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Flush Patch
A repair where the patch is flush with the aircraft surface.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Lap Patch
A repair where the patch overlaps the original material.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Rivet
A permanent fastener used by deforming one end to create a joint.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Shop Head
The formed end of a rivet opposite the manufactured head.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Bucking Bar
A heavy metal tool used to support a rivet during driving.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Cleco
A temporary fastener used to hold sheet metal parts together.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Countersinking
Creating a conical recess for flush rivet heads.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Deburring
Removing sharp edges from drilled holes to prevent cracks.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Sheet Metal Repair Techniques & Fasteners
To remember common rivet codes: 'A'll 'D'amage 'D'oes 'D'efinitely 'D'emand 'B'etter 'F'ixing. (A=1100, AD=2117, D=2017, DD=2024, B=5056, F=7075)
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Sheet Metal Repair Techniques & Fasteners
On the exam, pay close attention to rivet identification codes (e.g., AD for 2117-T4, D for 2017-T4) and their corresponding markings. Also, know the basic rules for rivet diameter (3x thickest sheet) and length (grip + 1.5D).
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Sheet Metal Repair Techniques & Fasteners
Using the wrong type or size of rivet for a repair, compromising structural strength.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Sheet Metal Repair Techniques & Fasteners
Failing to deburr rivet holes, which can lead to stress concentrations and cracking.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Sheet Metal Repair Techniques & Fasteners
Improperly forming the shop head, resulting in a weak or excessively large rivet.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Sheet Metal Repair Techniques & Fasteners
Not following the manufacturer's Structural Repair Manual (SRM) for specific repair procedures.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Composite Material
Two or more materials combined for superior properties.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Matrix
Material binding fibers, transferring loads, and protecting them.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Fibers
Strong, stiff elements providing primary strength (e.g., carbon).
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Delamination
Separation of layers in a composite laminate.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Scarf Repair
Tapered removal of damaged material for composite repair.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Curing
Process of hardening a resin using heat, pressure, or chemicals.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Nondestructive Testing (NDT)
Inspecting materials without causing damage.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Composite Structures & Advanced Repair Methods
FIBER-MATRIX: **F**ibers **I**n **B**inding **E**poxy **R**esin - **M**akes **A**ircraft **T**ougher **R**esistant **I**mpact **X**-tra strong!
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Composite Structures & Advanced Repair Methods
The FAA exam often asks about the specific advantages of composites (e.g., high strength-to-weight, corrosion resistance) and the unique challenges of their repair (e.g., delamination, specific repair techniques like scarfing). Know the safety precautions for handling composite dust and resins.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Composite Structures & Advanced Repair Methods
Treating composite repairs like metal repairs; they require different techniques and materials due to their anisotropic nature.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Composite Structures & Advanced Repair Methods
Ignoring safety precautions (respirators, gloves) when sanding or mixing resins, leading to health hazards.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Composite Structures & Advanced Repair Methods
Underestimating internal damage (delamination) that isn't visible on the surface of a composite structure.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Spruce
Preferred wood for aircraft due to strength-to-weight ratio.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Scarf Joint
Angled splice repair technique for wooden aircraft components.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Dope
Coating applied to fabric to tighten, protect, and seal it.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Acrylic
Common transparent plastic (Plexiglas) for windows; scratch-resistant.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Polycarbonate
Transparent plastic (Lexan) known for impact resistance.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Crazing
Network of fine cracks in transparent plastics, often from stress.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
AC 43.13-1B
Advisory Circular for acceptable methods, techniques, and practices.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Wood, Fabric, and Transparent Plastics
W-F-P: Wood is for 'Wings' (spars), Fabric 'Flies' (covers), Plastics 'Protect' (windows).
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Wood, Fabric, and Transparent Plastics
Memorize that spruce is the primary wood used in aircraft structures due to its excellent strength-to-weight ratio. For fabric, know that dope is used for tightening and protection. For plastics, distinguish between acrylic (Plexiglas) and polycarbonate (Lexan) properties.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Wood, Fabric, and Transparent Plastics
Using unapproved glues or fasteners for wood repairs, which can compromise structural integrity.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Wood, Fabric, and Transparent Plastics
Cleaning transparent plastics with harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, leading to hazing or crazing.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Wood, Fabric, and Transparent Plastics
Ignoring small tears in fabric, assuming they won't grow, which can lead to catastrophic failure in flight.
Airframe Structures: Fundamentals & Repair
Pascal's Law
Pressure in enclosed fluid transmits equally.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Actuator
Converts hydraulic pressure into mechanical motion.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Reservoir
Container for storing hydraulic fluid.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Accumulator
Stores hydraulic energy, dampens pressure surges.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Open-Center System
Fluid flows freely to reservoir when idle.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Closed-Center System
Fluid blocked, pressure maintained when idle.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Cavitation
Formation of vapor bubbles in fluid.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Hydraulic System Principles & Components
To remember the main components: 'R.P.F.V.A.A.' — Really Powerful Fluid Valves Actuate Aircraft.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Hydraulic System Principles & Components
Memorize the primary function of each major hydraulic component: reservoir (storage), pump (flow/pressure), filter (cleanliness), valve (direction/control), actuator (motion), accumulator (energy storage/dampening). The exam often asks about specific component functions.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Hydraulic System Principles & Components
Confusing the function of an accumulator with a reservoir; accumulators store energy, reservoirs store fluid.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Hydraulic System Principles & Components
Not understanding the difference in fluid flow during idle conditions between open-center and closed-center systems.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Hydraulic System Principles & Components
Overlooking the importance of reservoir pressurization in high-altitude aircraft to prevent cavitation.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Pneumatic System
System using compressed gas for power.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Bleed Air
Hot, compressed air from engine compressor.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Pressure Regulator
Controls and maintains system pressure.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Moisture Separator
Removes water from compressed air.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Relief Valve
Prevents over-pressurization of the system.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Compressibility
Ability of a gas to be compressed.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Pneumatic System Operation & Maintenance
Pneumatic systems are like a 'Puff of Air' – P for Pressure, U for Uses, F for Filters, F for Fire-safe. Remember, air is compressible!
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Pneumatic System Operation & Maintenance
Memorize the primary applications for high-pressure, medium-pressure, and low-pressure pneumatic systems. For example, emergency landing gear extension is typically high-pressure.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Pneumatic System Operation & Maintenance
Confusing pneumatic system components with hydraulic components (e.g., calling a pneumatic filter a hydraulic filter).
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Pneumatic System Operation & Maintenance
Underestimating the importance of moisture separation; water in pneumatic systems can cause serious damage.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Pneumatic System Operation & Maintenance
Forgetting that air's compressibility makes pneumatic systems less precise than hydraulics for certain tasks.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
MIL-H-5606
Mineral-based hydraulic fluid, red, flammable, used in older aircraft.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Skydrol
Phosphate ester hydraulic fluid, purple/green, fire-resistant, requires specific seals.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Contamination
Presence of undesirable substances in hydraulic fluid, causing wear and damage.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Filter bypass valve
Allows fluid to flow around a clogged filter element to prevent system starvation.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Micron rating
Measures the smallest particle size a filter can effectively remove.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Differential pressure indicator
Device that signals when a filter element is becoming clogged and needs replacement.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Viscosity
A fluid's resistance to flow, critical for proper hydraulic system operation.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Fire-resistant fluid
Hydraulic fluid formulated to resist ignition and combustion, like Skydrol.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Hydraulic Fluid Types, Contamination, & Filters
To remember Skydrol's properties: 'Sky-drol is for the Sky, so it's Fire-Resistant and needs Special Seals (like butyl).' Think of a purple dragon flying through the sky, breathing fire but safe because of its special scales.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Hydraulic Fluid Types, Contamination, & Filters
For the exam, memorize the color and general characteristics (flammability, seal compatibility) of MIL-H-5606 (red, mineral, flammable, natural rubber seals) and Skydrol (purple/green, phosphate ester, fire-resistant, butyl/Teflon seals). Also, know that a filter's bypass valve opens when the filter is clogged.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Hydraulic Fluid Types, Contamination, & Filters
Mixing incompatible hydraulic fluids, which can cause seals to swell or shrink.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Hydraulic Fluid Types, Contamination, & Filters
Using dirty funnels or containers when adding fluid, introducing contamination.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Hydraulic Fluid Types, Contamination, & Filters
Ignoring a clogged filter indicator, leading to unfiltered fluid circulating and component wear.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Troubleshooting
Systematic process of finding and fixing faults.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Leak Detection
Methods to locate fluid or air escapes.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Pressure Gauge
Instrument measuring fluid or air force.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Bleeding
Removing air from a hydraulic system.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Maintenance Manual
Aircraft-specific repair and inspection guide.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Troubleshooting Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
LEAKS: L-Low pressure, E-Erratic operation, A-Air in system, K-Knocks/noise, S-Slow movement. Helps remember hydraulic system issues!
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Troubleshooting Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
For the exam, be ready to associate specific symptoms (e.g., 'spongy brakes,' 'slow gear extension') with their most likely causes (e.g., 'air in system,' 'low fluid/pressure') in hydraulic and pneumatic systems. Keywords like 'low pressure,' 'erratic operation,' and 'leaks' are critical.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Troubleshooting Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Not consulting the maintenance manual first; always start with the official procedures.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Troubleshooting Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Replacing parts without proper diagnosis, leading to wasted time and money.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Troubleshooting Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Ignoring subtle symptoms, which can escalate into major system failures.
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Conventional Gear
Landing gear with two main wheels and a tailwheel.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Tricycle Gear
Landing gear with two main wheels and a nose wheel.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Retractable Gear
Landing gear that can be stowed in the aircraft.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Squat Switch
Prevents gear retraction when aircraft is on the ground.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Uplock
Mechanism that holds landing gear in the retracted position.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Downlock
Mechanism that holds landing gear in the extended position.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Free-fall System
Emergency gear extension using gravity and aerodynamic forces.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Landing Gear Types & Retraction Systems
To remember the gear positions: 'Green is Good, Red is Risky, Up is Out of Sight!'
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Landing Gear Types & Retraction Systems
For the exam, memorize the primary components of both hydraulic and electric retraction systems. Pay close attention to the purpose of uplocks, downlocks, and safety devices like squat switches and gear warning horns. Understand the different methods for emergency gear extension.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Landing Gear Types & Retraction Systems
Confusing the function of uplocks and downlocks; uplocks hold gear UP, downlocks hold gear DOWN.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Landing Gear Types & Retraction Systems
Forgetting the purpose of a squat switch (prevents accidental retraction on the ground).
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Landing Gear Types & Retraction Systems
Not understanding that emergency extension methods vary significantly between aircraft types.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Disc Brake
Brake system using rotating discs and stationary calipers.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Caliper
Housing containing pistons that press brake pads.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Brake Linings
Friction material (pads) that contacts the brake disc.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Hydraulic Pressure
Force exerted by fluid to actuate brakes.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Anti-Skid System
Prevents wheel lock-up during braking, optimizing traction.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Master Cylinder
Converts pedal input to hydraulic pressure.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Heat Sink
Component designed to absorb and dissipate heat.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Power Brake System
Uses aircraft hydraulic system pressure for braking.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Brake Systems: Components & Operation
To remember brake components, think: 'Discs Rotate, Pads Press, Fluid Flows, Heat Happens.'
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Brake Systems: Components & Operation
On the FAA exam, pay close attention to questions distinguishing between the components of a disc brake (discs, calipers, linings) and the function of an anti-skid system (preventing wheel lock-up, maximizing braking efficiency). Keywords like 'skid,' 'wheel speed sensor,' and 'modulates pressure' point to anti-skid.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Brake Systems: Components & Operation
Confusing the function of regular brakes with the anti-skid system; anti-skid doesn't apply brakes, it releases them momentarily.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Brake Systems: Components & Operation
Underestimating the importance of heat dissipation in brake design.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Brake Systems: Components & Operation
Ignoring spongy brake pedals or fluid leaks during pre-flight, which are critical safety issues.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Nose Wheel Steering
System controlling aircraft direction on the ground.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Shimmy
Rapid, uncontrolled oscillation of a nose wheel.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Shimmy Damper
Device preventing nose wheel shimmy.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Bias-Ply Tire
Aircraft tire with diagonal ply construction.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Radial-Ply Tire
Aircraft tire with perpendicular ply construction.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Cold Inflation Pressure
Recommended tire pressure when tires are at ambient temperature.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Tread Wear Indicator
Visual marker showing when a tire needs replacement.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Steering, Shimmy Dampers, and Tires
STEER with your FEET, DAMPEN the SHIMMY, TIRES need AIR, or you'll get a SCARE!
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Steering, Shimmy Dampers, and Tires
On the AMA exam, pay close attention to questions distinguishing between hydraulic and friction shimmy dampers, and the reasons for checking tire pressure when 'cold'. Keywords like 'oscillations' or 'vibrations' often point to shimmy damper issues.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Steering, Shimmy Dampers, and Tires
Forgetting to check tire pressure when tires are cold, leading to inaccurate readings and potential under-inflation.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Steering, Shimmy Dampers, and Tires
Ignoring minor shimmy during taxi, which can escalate into severe damage if not addressed.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Steering, Shimmy Dampers, and Tires
Confusing the purpose of steering (directional control) with the purpose of a shimmy damper (vibration absorption).
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Oleo Strut
A shock-absorbing cylinder using oil and nitrogen.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Bleeding Brakes
Removing air from hydraulic brake lines.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Chafing
Wear caused by rubbing against another surface.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Rigging
Adjusting components for proper alignment/tension.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Torque Specifications
Manufacturer's recommended tightening values.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Landing Gear Maintenance & Inspection
LUBE, CHECK, ADJUST, REPAIR: The four steps to happy gear!
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Landing Gear Maintenance & Inspection
For the exam, remember that the primary purpose of an oleo strut is to absorb landing and taxiing shocks. Also, know that a 'squat switch' (weight-on-wheels sensor) prevents gear retraction on the ground.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Landing Gear Maintenance & Inspection
Failing to check nitrogen pre-charge in oleo struts, leading to improper shock absorption.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Landing Gear Maintenance & Inspection
Ignoring minor hydraulic fluid leaks, which can escalate to system failure.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Landing Gear Maintenance & Inspection
Overlooking proper torque specifications when reassembling components, causing structural weakness.
Landing Gear Systems: Operation & Service
Alternator
Generates AC power from engine rotation.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Generator
Generates DC power from engine rotation.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Bus Bar
A common electrical distribution point.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Circuit Breaker
Protects circuits from overcurrent by tripping.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Rectifier
Converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC).
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Inverter
Converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC).
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Essential Bus
Powers critical flight safety systems.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Load Shedding
Reducing electrical consumption during emergencies.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Aircraft Electrical Power Generation & Distribution
Remember 'AC/DC' for power types. For conversion, think: 'Rectifiers ReCtify AC to DC' and 'Inverters InVert DC to AC'.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Aircraft Electrical Power Generation & Distribution
On the AMA exam, pay close attention to the function of rectifiers and inverters: remember 'Rectify AC to DC' and 'Invert DC to AC.' Also, know that alternators are generally preferred over generators in modern aircraft due to efficiency.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Aircraft Electrical Power Generation & Distribution
Confusing the function of an alternator with a generator; alternators produce AC, generators produce DC.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Aircraft Electrical Power Generation & Distribution
Incorrectly identifying the purpose of a rectifier versus an inverter; they perform opposite conversions.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Aircraft Electrical Power Generation & Distribution
Underestimating the importance of circuit breakers; they are safety devices, not just switches.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
AWG
American Wire Gauge; indicates wire diameter.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Fuse
One-time device protecting against overcurrent.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Trip-Free
Circuit breaker cannot be held closed against fault.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Connector
Device for connecting/disconnecting circuits.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Terminal
Device connecting wires to components.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Wiring, Circuit Protection, and Connectors
W.I.R.E.S. for Wiring checks: Worn insulation? Incorrect gauge? Routed poorly? Exposed connections? Secure connections?
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Wiring, Circuit Protection, and Connectors
On the AMA exam, pay close attention to questions about wire identification codes and the proper action for a tripped circuit breaker. Remember, a smaller AWG number means a larger wire and higher current capacity. For circuit breakers, 'trip-free' is a key term, and the primary rule is: do not repeatedly reset a breaker that trips immediately.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Wiring, Circuit Protection, and Connectors
Replacing a tripped fuse or circuit breaker with one of a higher amperage rating, which can lead to overheating and fire.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Wiring, Circuit Protection, and Connectors
Improperly routing wires where they can chafe against structures or be exposed to excessive heat or vibration.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Wiring, Circuit Protection, and Connectors
Failing to properly crimp terminals, leading to high resistance connections and potential circuit failure.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Pitot Tube
Measures ram air pressure for airspeed.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Static Port
Measures ambient atmospheric pressure.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Airspeed Indicator
Measures difference between pitot and static pressure.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Altimeter
Measures static pressure to indicate altitude.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Vertical Speed Indicator
Measures rate of static pressure change.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Kollsman Window
Altimeter setting for local barometric pressure.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Aneroid Capsule
Sealed element in altimeter, expands/contracts.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Calibrated Orifice
Restricted opening in VSI for pressure equalization.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Flight Instruments & Pitot-Static Systems
P-A-V: Pitot for Airspeed, Static for Altimeter and VSI. Remember which instrument uses which pressure source!
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Flight Instruments & Pitot-Static Systems
For the exam, remember that a blocked pitot tube affects only the airspeed indicator (reads zero or freezes), while a blocked static port affects all three pitot-static instruments (altimeter and VSI freeze, ASI reads inaccurately).
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Flight Instruments & Pitot-Static Systems
Confusing the effects of a blocked pitot tube versus a blocked static port on the instruments.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Flight Instruments & Pitot-Static Systems
Forgetting to check the pitot heat system during inspections, especially in cold weather operations.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Flight Instruments & Pitot-Static Systems
Not understanding that the altimeter is an aneroid barometer, not a radar altimeter.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Autopilot
System that automatically controls aircraft flight.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
VHF Radio
Primary aircraft voice communication system.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Transponder
Transmits aircraft ID and altitude to ATC.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
GPS
Satellite-based global positioning system.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
VOR
Ground-based VHF Omnidirectional Range navigation.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
FMS
Flight Management System; integrates navigation and performance.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Servomechanism
Device that moves flight controls in an autopilot.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Autoflight, Communication, and Navigation Systems
To remember the primary navigation systems, think: 'Vast NDBs Guide Pilots Safely' (VOR, NDB, GPS, Satellite).
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Autoflight, Communication, and Navigation Systems
For the exam, pay close attention to the components of an autopilot system (e.g., control computer, servos, sensors) and the frequency ranges for different communication radios (VHF, HF). Also, know the basic function of a transponder.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Autoflight, Communication, and Navigation Systems
Confusing the function of a transponder with a communication radio.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Autoflight, Communication, and Navigation Systems
Not understanding that autopilot systems rely on other aircraft systems for input.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Autoflight, Communication, and Navigation Systems
Assuming all navigation is GPS-based; ground-based systems are still vital.
Airframe Electrical & Instruments
Fuel Tank
Container for storing aviation fuel on an aircraft.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Boost Pump
Electric pump providing positive fuel pressure, preventing vapor lock.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Fuel Filter
Device removing contaminants from the fuel supply.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Selector Valve
Directs fuel flow from chosen tank to engine(s).
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Crossfeed
System allowing fuel from any tank to supply any engine.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Engine-Driven Pump
Mechanical pump increasing fuel pressure for engine operation.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Fuel Control Unit
Meters fuel to turbine engines based on power demands.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Vapor Lock
Fuel boiling in lines, forming bubbles, blocking flow.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Aircraft Fuel Systems: Components & Operation
To remember the fuel flow: 'Tank Boosts Filter, Selects Engine Pump, Controls Engine.' (Tank -> Boost Pump -> Filter -> Selector Valve -> Engine-Driven Pump -> Fuel Control -> Engine)
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Aircraft Fuel Systems: Components & Operation
The FAA Airman Knowledge Test often asks about the purpose of specific fuel system components. Memorize that boost pumps prevent vapor lock and provide positive pressure, and fuel filters remove contaminants. Also, understand the function of fuel selector valves in managing fuel flow between tanks and engines.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Aircraft Fuel Systems: Components & Operation
Confusing the function of boost pumps (positive pressure, anti-vapor lock) with engine-driven pumps (main pressure for engine).
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Aircraft Fuel Systems: Components & Operation
Underestimating the importance of fuel filters; clogged filters can cause engine failure.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Aircraft Fuel Systems: Components & Operation
Forgetting that fuel tanks must be vented to prevent structural damage from pressure changes.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Outflow Valve
Regulates cabin air exhaust to control pressure.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Cabin Altitude
Equivalent atmospheric pressure inside the cabin.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Air Cycle Machine (ACM)
Uses air expansion to cool bleed air.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Pressure Differential
Difference between cabin and ambient pressure.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Recirculation Fan
Mixes cabin air with fresh air for efficiency.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Cabin Environmental Control Systems (ECS)
To remember ECS functions: 'P-T-V-H' – Pressurization, Temperature, Ventilation, Humidity. Think of a 'P-T-V' (public television) that's always 'H' (hot)!
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Cabin Environmental Control Systems (ECS)
For the exam, memorize the typical cabin altitude (8,000 feet MSL) and understand that the outflow valve is the primary component controlling cabin pressure. Also, know that bleed air is the common source for pressurization and heating.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Cabin Environmental Control Systems (ECS)
Confusing the outflow valve's function with a safety relief valve. The outflow valve actively controls pressure, while relief valves are for emergency over/under-pressure.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Cabin Environmental Control Systems (ECS)
Assuming all ECS systems use bleed air; some smaller aircraft use engine-driven compressors or electric systems for air conditioning.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Cabin Environmental Control Systems (ECS)
Overlooking the importance of air filters in ECS maintenance for air quality and system longevity.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Anti-icing
Prevents ice from forming on aircraft surfaces.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
De-icing
Removes ice after it has already formed.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Pneumatic boots
Inflatable bladders that shed ice by expansion.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Supercooled water
Liquid water below freezing, freezes on impact.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Hydrophobic coating
Repels water, causing it to bead and flow off.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
EMEDS
Electro-mechanical expulsion de-icing system.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Known icing
Atmospheric conditions where ice is observed or forecast.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Aircraft Ice & Rain Protection Systems
Pneumatic Boots: PUSH the ice off! Anti-ice: ALWAYS on before it starts!
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Aircraft Ice & Rain Protection Systems
For the exam, remember that anti-icing PREVENTS ice, while de-icing REMOVES ice. Know common components for each: bleed air for anti-ice, pneumatic boots for de-ice. Keywords like 'prevent' vs. 'remove' are key.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Aircraft Ice & Rain Protection Systems
Confusing anti-icing (prevention) with de-icing (removal).
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Aircraft Ice & Rain Protection Systems
Not understanding that a system failure can ground an aircraft in icing conditions.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Aircraft Ice & Rain Protection Systems
Overlooking the importance of rain removal systems for visibility, not just ice.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Fire Detection System
System that senses and alerts to the presence of fire.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Extinguishing Agent
Substance used to suppress or put out a fire.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Halon 1301
A common, effective fire extinguishing agent, being phased out.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Continuous Loop Detector
Heat-sensing element that triggers an alarm when overheated.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Squib
An explosive device used to rupture a fire bottle's seal.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Fire Bottle
Cylinder containing pressurized fire extinguishing agent.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Overheat Detector
Sensor that triggers an alarm when a specific temperature is exceeded.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Aircraft Fire Protection & Detection Systems
To remember the fire triangle: 'Fuel, Heat, Oxygen - Take one away, fire's gone!'. For detection: 'OFCS - Overheat, Flame, Continuous, Smoke'.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Aircraft Fire Protection & Detection Systems
For the exam, memorize the types of fire detection systems (overheat, continuous loop, flame, smoke) and the common extinguishing agents (Halon 1301 and its alternatives). Understand the sequence of events for engine fire suppression.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Aircraft Fire Protection & Detection Systems
Confusing fire detection with fire extinguishing – one alerts, the other acts.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Aircraft Fire Protection & Detection Systems
Not knowing the difference between engine and cargo fire suppression strategies (rapid vs. sustained).
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Aircraft Fire Protection & Detection Systems
Incorrectly identifying the types of detectors or agents used in specific aircraft areas.
Fuel, Cabin & Ice Control Systems
Airworthiness
Aircraft conformity to its type design and safe for flight.
Airframe Inspection & Documentation
Annual Inspection
Comprehensive inspection, 12 calendar months.
Airframe Inspection & Documentation
100-Hour Inspection
Required for aircraft for hire, every 100 flight hours.
Airframe Inspection & Documentation
Progressive Inspection
Annual inspection broken into smaller segments.
Airframe Inspection & Documentation
Continuous Airworthiness
Program for large carriers, ongoing reliability-based.
Airframe Inspection & Documentation
14 CFR Part 43
Regulations for maintenance, preventive maintenance.
Airframe Inspection & Documentation
14 CFR Part 91
General operating and flight rules, inspection intervals.
Airframe Inspection & Documentation
Inspection Concepts & Regulatory Requirements
Remember 'A-A-T-E' for the main inspection intervals: Annual (12 months), Altimeter/Static (24 months), Transponder (24 months), ELT (12 months or 1 hour use).
Airframe Inspection & Documentation
Inspection Concepts & Regulatory Requirements
The exam often asks about the specific intervals for inspections (e.g., 'When is an annual inspection due?'). Keywords to spot include '12 calendar months' for annual, '100 hours' for 100-hour, and 'for hire' to distinguish when a 100-hour is needed.
Airframe Inspection & Documentation
Inspection Concepts & Regulatory Requirements
Confusing the 100-hour inspection requirement with the annual inspection; they are distinct and both may be required.
Airframe Inspection & Documentation
Inspection Concepts & Regulatory Requirements
Forgetting that the 100-hour inspection can be exceeded by 10 hours ONLY to get to a place of inspection, and that time counts towards the next 100 hours.
Airframe Inspection & Documentation
Inspection Concepts & Regulatory Requirements
Not understanding that 'calendar months' for annual inspections means the inspection is due by the end of the same month in the following year, not exactly 365 days later.
Airframe Inspection & Documentation
Airworthiness Directive (AD)
A legally enforceable regulation issued by the FAA to correct unsafe conditions.
Airframe Inspection & Documentation
Service Bulletin (SB)
Manufacturer-issued advisory document for product improvements or maintenance.
Airframe Inspection & Documentation
Airworthy
Aircraft conforms to its type design and is in a condition for safe operation.
Airframe Inspection & Documentation
Compliance Time
The specified period or condition by which an AD must be accomplished.
Airframe Inspection & Documentation
Time-in-Service (TIS)
The time from engine start to engine shutdown, often used for AD tracking.
Airframe Inspection & Documentation
Emergency AD (EAD)
An AD requiring immediate compliance due to an urgent safety concern.
Airframe Inspection & Documentation
14 CFR Part 39
The FAA regulation that governs Airworthiness Directives.
Airframe Inspection & Documentation
Airworthiness Directives (ADs) & Service Bulletins
ADs are Always Demanding (mandatory). SBs are Simply Suggestions (advisory).
Airframe Inspection & Documentation
Airworthiness Directives (ADs) & Service Bulletins
The exam often asks about the legal authority of ADs (14 CFR Part 39) and the difference between ADs (mandatory) and SBs (advisory). Be prepared to identify what makes an aircraft unairworthy (e.g., non-compliance with an AD).
Airframe Inspection & Documentation
Airworthiness Directives (ADs) & Service Bulletins
Confusing an AD with an SB, leading to non-compliance with mandatory requirements.
Airframe Inspection & Documentation
Airworthiness Directives (ADs) & Service Bulletins
Failing to properly document AD compliance in the aircraft's maintenance records.
Airframe Inspection & Documentation
Airworthiness Directives (ADs) & Service Bulletins
Not researching all applicable ADs for the airframe, engine, propeller, and appliances.
Airframe Inspection & Documentation
Airworthiness Directives (ADs) & Service Bulletins
Misinterpreting the compliance time or method specified in an AD.
Airframe Inspection & Documentation
Corrosion
Electrochemical deterioration of a metal by reaction with its environment.
Airframe Inspection & Documentation